Dynamics of Bacterial Community Structure in the Rhizosphere and Root Nodule of Soybean: Impacts of Growth Stages and Varieties

Bacterial communities in rhizosphere and root nodules have significant contributions to the growth and productivity of the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). In this report, we analyzed the physiological properties and dynamics of bacterial community structure in rhizosphere and root nodules at different growth stages using BioLog EcoPlate and high-throughput sequencing technology, respectively. The BioLog assay found that the metabolic capability of rhizosphere is in increasing trend in the growth of soybeans as compared to the bulk soil. As a result of the Illumina sequencing analysis, the microbial community structure of rhizosphere and root nodules was found to be influenced by the variety and growth stage of the soybean. At the phylum level, Actinobacteria were the most abundant in rhizosphere at all growth stages, followed by Alphaproteobacteria and Acidobacteria, and the phylum Bacteroidetes showed the greatest change. But, in the root nodules Alphaproteobacteria were dominant. The results of the OTU analysis exhibited the dominance of Bradyrhizobium during the entire stage of growth, but the ratio of non-rhizobial bacteria showed an increasing trend as the soybean growth progressed. These findings revealed that bacterial community in the rhizosphere and root nodules changed according to both the variety and growth stages of soybean in the field.     

稀盐酸中锰结核还原浸出溶液净化除铁

针对酸性氯化物中黄铁矿还原浸出锰结核的溶液成分特点，选择黄钠铁矾法进行了沉淀分离铁的研究。结果表明温度和晶种以及溶液ｐＨ值是影响铁矾沉淀的重要因素。在ｐＨ２．０左右，溶液温度高于９０℃，足量晶种加入的情形下，１５０ｍｉｎ后可将溶液中的铁含量降至０．１ｇ／Ｌ。沉矾过程的表观活化能为９４．６６ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ。黄铁矿氧化生成的硫酸根随铁一同沉淀，从而消除了ＳＯ２－４在氯化物体系中的积累。     

用闪锌矿(方铅矿)精矿催化还原软锰矿(大洋锰结核矿)制取硫酸锰

在稀硫酸(或稀盐酸)溶液中，用闪锌矿(或方铅矿)精矿作还原剂，用可溶性铁盐作催化剂，分解软锰矿(或大洋锰结核矿)，同时制取锰盐和锌盐。该工艺具有反应快速、彻底，工艺流程简单等特点，同时省去了软锰矿的还原焙烧和锌(铅)精矿的氧化焙烧，能够大幅度提高锰、锌(铅)矿的浸出率，对原料矿的品级没有严格要求。     

Observations of nodule growth during the oxidation of pure binary iron-aluminum alloys

Oxidation studies were carried out in oxygen at 800°C, on a series of pure binary iron-based alloys with between 1.9 and 9.8 wt. % aluminum. The results are presented in conjunction with the existing literature and these permit the development of a classification of scale morphologies based on alloy composition. Alloys with less than about 2.4 wt. % aluminum form bulky stratified scales composed of Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄ with FeAl₂O₄ and Al₂O₃ at the scale-metal interface. Alloys with between 2.4 and 6.9 wt. % form an external Al₂O₃ scale but this is interspersed with iron oxide nodules that penetrate the alloy substrate. Only alloys with greater than 6.9 wt. % aluminum form completely protective Al₂O₃ scales. Models based on oxide nucleation are presented for the growth of bulky scales and also the iron oxide nodules.     

球铁塑性变形中石墨球变形行为的观察与分析

用光镜和电镜对球铁不同变形条件下石墨球的变形形貌进行观察和分析,揭示了石墨球的变形行为和影响因素。     

CT图像肺结节计算机辅助检测与诊断技术研究综述

肺结节计算机辅助诊断（Comput er-aided diagnosis,CAD）能够从CT图像中检测、分割和诊断肺结节,提高早期肺癌的生存率,因而具有重要临床意义。由于肺结节的形态根据其类型、尺寸、位置、内部结构及恶性与否等动态变化,导致肺结节检测和诊断已经成为一个重大的挑战问题。本文对比分析了CAD系统中肺实质分割、肺结节检测、肺结节分割以及肺结节良恶性判断等4个步骤所运用的关键技术及挑战,并指出开发有效CAD系统需要进一步优化不同类型结节诊断算法灵敏度、降低结节检测误报数量、提高诊断自动化水平,同时需要集成影像存储与通信系统（Picture archiving and communication systems, PACS）以及电子病历系统（Electronic medical record systems, EMRS）,以便在日常临床实践中应用。     

基于圆形约束C-V水平集的肺部CT图像病灶分割

针对肺部CT图像中圆形病灶区域的分割问题,对Chan-Vese水平集图像分割方法进行了分析和改进,提出了基于圆形约束的C-V水平集模型,进而提出了基于圆形约束水平集的肺部图像病灶分割算法,解决了图像中大小不同的多圆检测问题。对合成图像和实际临床肺部CT图像进行了分割实验,结果表明,该方法可以较好地分割出图像中的多个圆形区域,算法具有较好的抗噪性,实现速度较快,有利于实现肺部CT图像肺结节自动检测。     

面向甲状腺结节超声图像分割的多尺度特征融合“h”形网络

目的 准确定位超声甲状腺结节对甲状腺癌早期诊断具有重要意义,但患者结节大小、形状以及位置的不确定性极大影响了结节分割的准确率和模型的泛化能力。为了提高超声甲状腺结节分割的精度,增强泛化性能并降低模型的参数量,辅助医生诊断疾病,减少误诊,提出一种面向甲状腺结节超声图像分割的多尺度特征融合“h”形网络。方法 首先提出一种网络框架,形状与字母h相似,由一个编码器和两个解码器组成,引入深度可分离卷积缩小网络尺寸。编码器用于提取图像特征,且构建增强下采样模块来减少下采样时造成的信息损失,增强解码器特征提取的能力。第1个解码器负责获取图像的初步分割信息;第2个解码器通过融合第1个解码器预先学习到的信息来增强结节的特征表达,提升分割精度,并设计了融合卷积池化金字塔实现多尺度特征融合,增强模型的泛化能力。结果 该网络在内部数据集上的Dice相似系数（Dice similarity coefficients, DSC）、豪斯多夫距离（Hausdorff distance,HD）、灵敏度（sensitivity,SEN）和特异度（specificity,SPE）分别为0.872 1、0.935 6、0.879 7和0.997 3,在公开数据集DDTI（digital database thyroid image）上,DSC和SPE分别为0.758 0和0.977 3,在数据集TN3K（thyroid nodule 3 thousand）上的重要指标DSC和HD分别为0.781 5和4.472 6,皆优于其他模型。结论 该网络模型以较低的参数量提升了甲状腺超声图像结节的分割效果,增强了泛化性能。     

End-to-End 2D Convolutional Neural Network Architecture for Lung Nodule Identification and Abnormal Detection in Cloud

The extent of the peril associated with cancer can be perceived from the lack of treatment, ineffective early diagnosis techniques, and most importantly its fatality rate. Globally, cancer is the second leading cause of death and among over a hundred types of cancer; lung cancer is the second most common type of cancer as well as the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Anyhow, an accurate lung cancer diagnosis in a timely manner can elevate the likelihood of survival by a noticeable margin and medical imaging is a prevalent manner of cancer diagnosis since it is easily accessible to people around the globe. Nonetheless, this is not eminently efficacious considering human inspection of medical images can yield a high false positive rate. Ineffective and inefficient diagnosis is a crucial reason for such a high mortality rate for this malady. However, the conspicuous advancements in deep learning and artificial intelligence have stimulated the development of exceedingly precise diagnosis systems. The development and performance of these systems rely prominently on the data that is used to train these systems. A standard problem witnessed in publicly available medical image datasets is the severe imbalance of data between different classes. This grave imbalance of data can make a deep learning model biased towards the dominant class and unable to generalize. This study aims to present an end-to-end convolutional neural network that can accurately differentiate lung nodules from non-nodules and reduce the false positive rate to a bare minimum. To tackle the problem of data imbalance, we oversampled the data by transforming available images in the minority class. The average false positive rate in the proposed method is a mere 1.5 percent. However, the average false negative rate is 31.76 percent. The proposed neural network has 68.66 percent sensitivity and 98.42 percent specificity.     

Diagnosis of lung nodule using Moran’s index and Geary’s coefficient in computerized tomography images

This paper analyzes the application of Moran’s index and Geary’s coefficient to the characterization of lung nodules as malignant or benign in computerized tomography images. The characterization method is based on a process that verifies which combination of measures, from the proposed measures, has been best able to discriminate between the benign and malignant nodules using stepwise discriminant analysis. Then, a linear discriminant analysis procedure was performed using the selected features to evaluate the ability of these in predicting the classification for each nodule. In order to verify this application we also describe tests that were carried out using a sample of 36 nodules: 29 benign and 7 malignant. A leave-one-out procedure was used to provide a less biased estimate of the linear discriminator’s performance. The two analyzed functions and its combinations have provided above 90% of accuracy and a value area under receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curve above 0.85, that indicates a promising potential to be used as nodules signature measures. The preliminary results of this approach are very encouraging in characterizing nodules using the two functions presented.