宝钢钢管IPSEN炉炉温调节仪表的改造

在宝钢钢管调质炉(IPSEN炉)控制系统的改造中,用西门子S7-400的PID功能软件模块改造原模拟调节器,以实现加热调质温度控制.介绍了用S7-400的PID控制模块构成淬火炉、淬火油槽、回火炉温度控制的方法,并由此提出对宝钢钢管生产中其它加热炉控制系统改造的选择方案.     

奥地利移动通信市场

移动通信市场已经成为奥地利竞争程度较高的市场,主要的4家移动运营商分别是Mobilkom,Max.Mobil,Connect Austria和Tele.ring,其中Mobilkom占有的市场份额最大,奥地利政府于2000年11月拍卖了6张国内3G许可证,除了上述4家运营商获得3G许可证之外,奥地利Hutchison 3G和3G Mobile也得到了3G牌照.     

有广阔市场前景的化工产品—过氧化钙

本文叙述过氧化钙的性质,并以实例说明过氧比钙在水产养殖、食品加上、果蔬保鲜。环境保护、农作物栽培、橡胶及化工等奋方面的应用。     

一种实用直流放大器的设计

本文设计的直流放大器由直流放大模块和测试模块两部分组成。在直流放大模块中设计了稳压电源和混有200mV串模工频干扰的直流信号发生器;测试模块用来检测直流放大器的直流电压增益、输入阻抗、共模抑制比等参数。实验数据表明各性能参数都满足要求。     

基于BP网络的机场助航故障灯检测

恒流调光器是为飞机起降提供目视引导的关键设备。对回路中故障灯的准确及时检测是调光器的重要功能。有关调光器的国际标准以及国标对该设备的功能均有严格要求,然而相关资料尚属鲜见难于借鉴。文中对这一课题进行了探讨,利用BP神经网络对调光器回路中的故障,进行监测并测算故障灯数目。实践表明,文章所用方法能有效地监测调光器故障,并能准确报告故障灯数目。     

Geometric characterization on the solvability of regulator equations

The solvability of the regulator equation for a general nonlinear system is discussed in this paper by using geometric method. The ‘feedback’ part of the regulator equation, that is, the feasible controllers for the regulator equation, is studied thoroughly. The concepts of minimal output zeroing control invariant submanifold and left invertibility are introduced to find all the possible controllers for the regulator equation under the condition of left invertibility. Useful results, such as a necessary condition for the output regulation problem and some properties of friend sets of controlled invariant manifolds, are also obtained.     

Convergence with a fixed regulator in lattice ordered groups and applications to MV-algebras

A convergence with a fixed regulator v in lattice ordered groups is applied to MV-algebras. For each Archimedean MV-algebra A there exists a v-Cauchy completion A ^* and it is uniquely determined up to isomorphisms over A. The relation between the Dedekind completion A ^∧ of A and A ^* is established. There is solved a question of the existence of the greatest v-Cauchy complete ideal of A.     

Numerical and experimental studies on hydrodynamic characteristics of sleeve regulating valves

The sleeve regulating valve is a kind of control valve, which widely used in natural gas transportation. Jet flow generated in valve throats will impact on the surface of the valve body and the valve clack, and then cause the destruction of the valve. In this work, two regulators were designed to reduce the hydraulic impacts, and the effects of regulators on the hydraulic performance of the sleeve regulating valve are investigated in detail. Numerical and experimental studies were applied. Results indicate that the introduction of a regulator reduces the value of flow coefficient (K_V), and the reduction is greater with larger valve opening. Meanwhile, the flow coefficients for the valve with regulator I is a bit larger than that with regulator II. The results also demonstrate that the employment of regulator decreases the entropy production rate (EPR) of high EPR regions, reduces the pressure drop of valve throats, and slows down the velocity in the valve throats. Thus the impacts of the fluid on the throat walls are weakened by regulators. It is noted that the reduction of impact forces with regulator I (has small round holes) is larger than that with regulator II (with two rows of oval holes).     

The 2013 reforms of the Flemish renewable electricity support: Missed opportunities

The Flemish renewable electricity support system has struggled to address a number of problematic issues in the past. These included excessive profit margins and general malfunctioning of the green certificate market, as well as a lack of qualification of various existing renewable energy technologies. The Flemish government responded to these issues by introducing major reforms in 2013, including “banding” to differentiate the support for various technologies. However, reliable methods for differentiating renewable electricity technologies and calculating support levels have not been sufficiently developed. The main objective of the 2013 reforms was to reduce support costs, but application of German feed-in tariffs on 18 reference technologies has shown that most projects in Flanders continue to receive high levels of support. The 2013 reforms did not succeed in addressing malfunctioning of the green certificate market. On the contrary, the confidence of investors in renewable electricity plants has decreased as the terms of support can be altered retroactively by adjusting remuneration levels and through political interventions. Future adaptations are likely to be made which will further decrease the overall stability and effectiveness of the system.