Relationship of cow and calf circulating lipidomes with colostrum lipid composition and metabolic status of the cow

Newborn calves rely on lipids in colostrum for energy and immune function. The lipid concentration in colostrum, however, is highly variable, and little is known about its composition and maternal factors that influence its composition. The first objective was to measure plasma lipid composition of multiparous cows at 35 d before calving (BC; 35 ± 3 d; ± standard deviation) and 7 d BC (7 ± 2 d), their colostrum, and serum lipid composition of calves (24 h after birth) using multiple reaction monitoring profiling, which is an exploratory and highly sensitive lipidomic analysis method that screens lipids based on chemical functionality. Second, data were analyzed to determine if there were relationships between circulating lipids in the cow, colostrum lipids, and calf serum lipids. Third, relationships between markers of metabolic status of the cows and circulating and colostrum lipids were analyzed with correlation analysis. Blood was sampled and plasma prepared from multiparous cows (n = 16) at 35 and 7 d BC. Within 3 h of parturition, colostrum was collected from cows and fed to her calf. Calves received another feeding of colostrum within 12 h after birth and a serum sample was collected from each calf 24 h after the first feeding of colostrum. The metabolic status of cows was evaluated using insulin, glucose, and nonesterified fatty acid area under the curve in response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test performed at 3 wk BC. Lipids were extracted from plasma, colostrum, and calf serum and were analyzed using multiple reaction monitoring profiling. Concentration of lipids were calculated using spiked in standards and expressed as percent of lipids identified. Data were uploaded into MetaboAnalyst 5.0 for multivariate and univariate analysis. Principal component analysis indicated that circulating lipids in the cow and calf were distinct from lipids in colostrum. Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) concentration was greater in colostrum and calf serum than in cow plasma, with 23 of the 24 PG found in colostrum also found in calf serum. In response to intravenous glucose tolerance test in late gestation, nonesterified fatty acid area under the curve was positively related to total triacylglycerols lipids in 7 d BC plasma (r = 0.63) but negatively related to total membrane lipids in colostrum (r = ?0.55). Thus, the metabolic status of the dam influences circulating lipids and colostrum lipid content. Moreover, the circulating lipidome of the cow and calf are similar to one another and distinct from the colostrum lipidome, except for PG, where it appears that colostrum serves as the source for PG in the calf's circulation.     

Long-run urban dynamics: understanding local housing market change in London

Abstract

Recently, a literature has emerged using empirical techniques to study the evolution of international cities over many centuries; however, few studies examine long-run change within cities. Conventional models and concepts are not always appropriate and data issues make long-run neighbourhood analysis particularly problematic. This paper addresses some of these points. First, it discusses why the analysis of long-run urban change is important for modern urban policy and considers the most important concepts. Second, it constructs a novel data set at the micro level, which allows consistent comparisons of London neighbourhoods in 1881 and 2001. Third, the paper models some of the key factors that affected long-run change, including the role of housing. There is evidence that the relative social positions of local urban areas persist over time but, nevertheless, at fine spatial scales, local areas still exhibit change, arising from aggregate population dynamics, from advances in technology, and also from the effects of shocks, such as wars. In general, where small areas are considered, long-run changes are likely to be greater, because individuals are more mobile over short than long distances. Finally, the paper considers the implications for policy.     

Milk from cows fed a diet with a high forage:concentrate ratio improves inflammatory state,oxidative stress,and mitochondrial function in rats

Excessive energy intake may evoke complex biochemical processes characterized by inflammation, oxidative stress, and impairment of mitochondrial function that represent the main factors underlying noncommunicable diseases. Because cow milk is widely used for human nutrition and in food industry processing, the nutritional quality of milk is of special interest with respect to human health. In our study, we analyzed milk produced by dairy cows fed a diet characterized by a high forage:concentrate ratio (high forage milk, HFM). In view of the low n-6:n-3 ratio and high content of conjugated linoleic acid of HFM, we studied the effects of this milk on lipid metabolism, inflammation, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress in a rat model. To this end, we supplemented for 4 wk the diet of male Wistar rats with HFM and with an isocaloric amount (82 kJ, 22 mL/d) of milk obtained from cows fed a diet with low forage:concentrate ratio, and analyzed the metabolic parameters of the animals. Our results indicate that HFM may positively affect lipid metabolism, leptin:adiponectin ratio, inflammation, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress, providing the first evidence of the beneficial effects of HFM on rat metabolism.     

电视民生新闻现状及发展趋势探析

自2002年起,我国开始出现电视民生新闻,并得到观众的广泛喜爱,但在整个发展过程当中电视新闻存在一些问题有待解决,探讨电视民生新闻的现状及发展趋势,对其中存在的问题提出解决方案。     

土壤中石油污染物的脱附过程

文章中主要采用有机溶剂萃取法（OSE）对高浓度石油污染土壤进行修复，经过精馏操作，有效回收原油，建立脱附等温曲线，研究了石油污染物在土壤-有机溶剂两相间的迁移规律。     

"适可而止"--"集合设计"在浙大网新科技园上的设计策略

“适可而止”是一种态度。文章用这个词归纳并品评了“集合设计”在浙大网新科技园项目上的设计策略。实际上,这种态度不仅体现在本项目的操作上,也反映在大部分中国建筑师目前时常面临的选择当中——关键是态度的指向能否逐渐形成更多积极性的策略。文章希望在追求“单纯性”、设计实验、细节控制和如何介入城市空间等方面的讨论能引导更多的读者有意识地用批判的眼光反观和印证自己的设计实践。     

图书在版编目研究

简述了英、美等国图书在版编目的发展和中国实施在版编目的意义、作用及特点,对中国实施图书在版编目提出了设想和建议。     

关于我国石油钻机技术的现状及其研发思考

介绍了我国石油钻机的技术现状,在肯定我国石油钻机发展所取得成绩的同时,指出我国石油钻机整体技术与国外钻机技术的差距,提出要把石油钻机作为国家战略装备来对待,加快我国石油钻机新技术、新产品研发工作,以满足我国石油工业发展的需要。