欧洲主要电信运营商专线资费的演变

欧洲主要电信运营商所处国度的经济和人口布局情况不同，竞争环境也有差别，在专线资费方面的做法也有许多不同之处。考虑到地区之间竞争的差异。目前多数国家都取消了地区交叉补贴的做法，但还有一部分国家仍然坚持统一费率。在资费方面的基本促销手段为接合同年限和用户的支出额打折。从2000年到2003年资费演变的基本情况是；接入费扣2Mbit／s以下较低速率的专线租费保持平稳略有下降，较高速率专线的租费则有较大的下调幅虚。     

Tariff reduction as a tool to increase the efficiency of electricity distributors: A case study in southern Brazil

The article aims to evaluate the consumer response to a reduction in the electricity tariffs as a hourly economic signal for the case of an electric utility in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Using Differences-in-differences method, the results were robust in showing that the change in the economic signal increased up to 81.01% the consumption at the time influenced by the change, improving the way in which the company's assets are used, in addition to reducing fuel oil consumption by users.     

政策法制与能源产业推动之探讨——以德国再生能源法为中心

全球传统石化能源耗竭及气候变迁等负面效应日益严重,以永续发展为目标,再生能源之开发利用备受关注,已成为世界各国能源政策的主要施政方针,其中多以立法手段积极推动.综观各国已提出亦或正在施行的政策和措施,皆由订定法令来体现,以法律的形式确立发展目标,再透过具体而明确的强制规范或经济激励措施,进而得其实质成效.德国再生能源法相关法规范即为明证.德国于2000年制定全球首部再生能源优先法(Gesetz fürden Vorrang Erneuerbarer Energien),简称再生能源法(Ernererbare-Energien-Gesetz,EEG),至今已历多次修法.本文将从德国再生能源法制探讨,观其核心固定电价制度(Feed-in Tariff,FIT)与近年修法方向,说明德国再生能源产业发展之背景及现况,希祈能就推动发展再生能源有所帮助.     

The 2013 reforms of the Flemish renewable electricity support: Missed opportunities

The Flemish renewable electricity support system has struggled to address a number of problematic issues in the past. These included excessive profit margins and general malfunctioning of the green certificate market, as well as a lack of qualification of various existing renewable energy technologies. The Flemish government responded to these issues by introducing major reforms in 2013, including “banding” to differentiate the support for various technologies. However, reliable methods for differentiating renewable electricity technologies and calculating support levels have not been sufficiently developed. The main objective of the 2013 reforms was to reduce support costs, but application of German feed-in tariffs on 18 reference technologies has shown that most projects in Flanders continue to receive high levels of support. The 2013 reforms did not succeed in addressing malfunctioning of the green certificate market. On the contrary, the confidence of investors in renewable electricity plants has decreased as the terms of support can be altered retroactively by adjusting remuneration levels and through political interventions. Future adaptations are likely to be made which will further decrease the overall stability and effectiveness of the system.     

对我国电信超前消费现象的探讨

由于电信生产与电信消费同时进行的特点,电信业的超前发展往往容易引起电信超前消费。我国也存在电信超前消费的现象,并会对电信业的普遍服务、管制与决策乃至产业的持续发展产生一定的不利影响,这就要求采取适当的对策,克服不利影响,同时发挥电信超前发展对拉动电信业发展的积极作用。     

“Tropicalisation” of Feed-in Tariffs: A custom-made support scheme for hybrid PV/diesel systems in isolated regions

The interest and actions towards introducing renewables for off-grid regions has increased due to their ostensible cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness and quality services provided. Nevertheless, in many isolated areas diesel generators appear as a common option, confirming that there is a need for financial support mechanisms that aid the introduction of renewables due to their higher initial investment costs.This paper proposes a so-called ‘tropicalisation’ of the Feed-in Tariff scheme to promote the introduction of hybrid systems in isolated communities based on the idea of awarding for each kWh produced by renewable energies a premium value during a guaranteed period of time. The proposed Renewable Energy Premium Tariff (RPT) scheme is an alternative mechanism to the usual initial investment donation for off-grid energy development projects by recognising the production of renewable electricity and opting for a long-term sustainability of the projects. Ecuador presents ideal conditions to study the introduction of such a ‘tropicalised’ scheme since a Feed-in Law including off-grid projects was established in 2002 and since there are governmental and local efforts for the introduction of renewable hybrids in isolated regions.Modelling of the introduction of photovoltaics (PVs) into diesel systems for several mini-grids located in isolated regions of Ecuador has been performed, and included a detailed financial analysis for optimisation of RPT values and a comparison with existing stand-alone diesel systems. The results show the cost-effectiveness of PV/diesel hybrids over diesel gensets, taking into account present and future diesel prices. To obtain long-term sustainability of the project, the RPT values are set at 0.70–1.20$ kWh covering the operability of the whole system for 20 years, where the renewable fraction should have the largest share in the hybrid system. The proposed mechanism is expected to aid the introduction of renewable technologies to bring solutions and sustainable energy options to final users of off-grid isolated regions.     

Tariff adjustment frameworks for privately financed infrastructure projects

Since privately financed infrastructure (PFI) projects are usually natural monopolies, their tariffs should be regulated to ensure socially desirable outcomes. In reality, the regulation is usually realized through tariff adjustment mechanisms. There are four basic tariff adjustment frameworks for PFI projects - adjustment based on sale price, revenue, operating income and profit after tax. They have different risk exposures and incentives. The adjustment based on the sale price provides the project company with the highest potential to increase profit but exposes it to the highest risk, while the adjustment based on the guaranteed ROR exposes the project company to the lowest risk but provides the least potential for increasing profit. Adjustments based on the revenue or the operating income are somewhere in between. In practice, a hybrid of two or more adjustment frameworks may be adopted to adapt to specific project environments. A well-designed tariff adjustment framework can create a ‘win-win’ solution for both the public and private sectors.     

支持和保护国内通信设备制造业

加入ＷＴＯ后,直面国外同行的强大实力,国内电信设备制造商将遇到空前挑战。我们要利用ＷＴＯ的各项保护条款对国内通信企业实行合法合理的支持和保护。同时,还要发挥政府作用,将电信设备制造业纳入“特定工业”,通过财政拨款、银行贷款、减免税和出口鼓励等政策实行行业扶持,借助宏观政策、关税结构调节、打击走私等手段进行适度和合理的市场保护．     

关税变动的经济效应分析与应用—兼论我国关税结构的调整方向

本文从关税国内经济效应分析入手,进而分析关税变动,尤其是在一定关税水平上削减关税后对国内生产者、消费者和政府关税收入的影响;借助对有效保护理论的分析,阐述我国在关税减让谈判中的策略运用,并就我国关税结构调整应考虑的因素和调整方向作了进一步分析。     

电信套餐资费策略演进分析

资费作为业务的重要组成部分,其策略制定与电信企业的总体业务发展战略密切相关,也深受政府电信资费政策改革的影响。本文首先从全球电信资费的改革历程入手,详细解读了我国电信管制政策及电信资费发展趋势。其次,选取了北京联通及各运营商有代表性的3类产品资费策略进行详细分析,对运营商之间的资费策略进行了比较,深刻揭示了电信运营商的资费策略演进路线,在全业务竞争时代,运营商的资费策略已经由单纯降价逐渐演变为全业务深度渗透捆绑,同时指出了针对不同微分市场开展全业务资费策略设计的关键所在。