化能自养型硫杆菌脱硫机制及脱硫策略

介绍了对化能自养型硫杆菌氧化煤中黄铁矿硫机制的认识过程,讨论了黄铁矿生物氧化机制的新观点:主要包括黄铁矿生物氧化的电化学本质、黄铁矿表面吸附细菌的功能、黄铁矿生物氧化的具体反应途径。采用氧化还原电势或[Fe3+]/[Fe2+]比建立的速率方程可用于描述化能自养型硫杆菌的生物氧化过程,其中中间产物元素硫的进一步氧化可能是限速步骤。针对目前黄铁矿生物氧化机制的新认识,提出了提高煤系黄铁矿硫生物脱除效率的研究策略。此外,如研究证实元素硫为超高硫煤中有机相硫的一部分,化能自养型硫杆菌也将能用于脱除煤中该部分有机硫。     

A new strain Acidithiobacillus albertensis BY-05 for bioleaching of metal sulfides ores

An acidophilic,rod-shaped Gram-negative sulfur oxidizing strain BY-05 was isolated from an acid mine drainage of copper ore in Baiyin area,Gansu Province,China.Ultrastructural studies show that the isolate has a tuft of polar flagella and possesses sulfur granules with clear membrane adhering to the cell innermembrane.Physiological study shows that this isolate grows autotrophically and aerobically by oxidizing S0and reduced inorganic sulfur compounds(SO, 2 23-SO, 2 24- S2 -and ZnS)with the optimum growth at pH 3.5-4.0 and at the temperature range of 25-30℃.The 16S rRNA gene sequence(DQ 423683)of strain BY-05 has 100%sequence similarity to that of Acidithiobacillus albertensis(DSM 14366).So it is identified and named as A. albertensis BY-05.Bioleaching experiments with this new strain show that it can play an important role in recovery of metals from chalcopyrite and sphalerite.     

生物浸出时细菌对铀矿石的适应性研究

以某铀矿石为菌浸对象,通过实验,观察了菌浸过程中细菌发育的状况以及体系中pH、Eh和Fe2 的变化规律,发现浸出液pH值、Fe2 的稳定下降以及Eh值的持续升高可以分别作为氧化硫硫杆菌和氧化亚铁硫杆菌适应铀矿石并良好发育的标志。     

氧化硫硫杆菌的耐氟驯化试验研究

通过对T.t进行耐氟驯化试验发现,随着溶液中氟离子浓度的增大,T.t的发育明显减缓,产酸速度变慢,溶液pH下降较慢,但经过多代接种驯化后,T.t的耐氟能力可以得到明显提高。     

生物浸出低品位镍铜硫化矿

阐述了氧化亚铁硫杆菌 (TF5)和氧化硫硫杆菌 (TT)浸出金川低品位镍铜硫化矿的机理、过程动力学、工艺条件和反应工程。研究表明 ,含镍磁黄铁矿的细菌浸出以细菌氧化生成的Fe3 +的作用为主 ,浸出速率受表面反应控制 ;镍黄铁矿的细菌浸出以矿物表面吸附菌的作用为主。细菌对Mg2 +离子的耐受浓度因驯化而提高 ,极限浓度可达 15～ 2 0g/L。低品位镍铜矿的细菌浸出过程中 ,pH控制、细菌的初始接种量、矿浆浓度及TF和TT的混合比是影响镍、铜、钴等有价金属元素浸出速率和最终浸出率的主要因素。优化条件下气升式和搅拌式反应器中试验表明 ,优化条件下 ,在生物浸出低品位镍铜硫化矿 ,镍浸出率可达到 92 %～ 94 % ,铜达 4 8%～ 50 % ,钴达 88%～ 91%。     

硫粉量对铀矿石嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌通气柱浸的影响

研究了铀矿石酸化-硫粉细菌通气柱浸体系的pH值、Eh值和铀离子浓度等参数随时间的变化规律,探索了铀矿石的浸出率与硫粉含量的关系。结果表明:在酸化阶段,同一酸化级数下各酸化体系的pH值和铀离子浓度随酸化时间的延长而升高,Eh值随酸化时间的延长而降低;随酸化级数的增加,各酸化体系的pH值、Eh值和铀离子浓度随酸化时间的延长变化量减小。在细菌浸出阶段,同一酸化浸出级数下各浸出体系的pH值、Eh值和铀离子浓度随浸出时间的延长而升高;随浸出级数的增加,各浸出体系的pH值和铀离子浓度的增长率减小,Eh值的增长率增大;硫粉加入量越大,浸出体系pH值降低的幅度越大,Eh值和铀离子浓度升高的幅度也越大。铀矿石的浸出率与硫粉含量呈正相关,硫粉含量为5g/L的浸出体系中,铀的浸出率高达95.45%。     

Liquid-nitrogen cryopreservation of three kinds of autotrophicbioleaching bacteria

Three kinds of autotrophic bioleaching bacteria strains, including mesophilic and acidophilic ferrous ion-oxidizing bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans （A. ferrooxidans）, mesophilic and acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans （A. thiooxidans）, and moderately thermophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria Acidianus brierleyi, were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen and their ferrous ion- or sulfur-oxidizing activities were investigated and compared with the original ones. The results revealed that ferrous ion/sulfur oxidation activities of the strains were almost equal before and after cryopreservation. Glycerin was used as cryoprotective agent. In conclusion, liquid-nitrogen cryopreservation is a simple and effective method for autotrophic bioleaching microorganisms.     

Microbial aspects of acid mine drainage and its bioremediation

The role of chemolithotrophs such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans which were isolated from some abandoned mines and processed waste tailings in the generation of acid mine drainage and toxic metal dissolution was discussed. Mechanisms of acid formation and dissolution of copper, zinc, iron and arsenic from copper, lead-zinc and arsenopyrite-bearing sulfide ores and railings were established in the presence of Acidithiobacillus group of bacteria. Sulphate Reducing Bacteria（SRB） isolated from the above mine sites could be used to precipitate dissolved metals such as copper, zinc, iron and arsenic. Arsenic bioremediation was demonstrated through the use of native microorganisms such Thiomonas spp. which could oxidize arsenite to arsenate. Bioremoval of arsenic through the use of jarosite precipitates generated by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans was also found to be very effective. Biotechnological processes hold great promise in the remediation of acid mine drainage and efficient removal of toxic metal ions such as copper, zinc and arsenic.     

抑制氧化亚铁硫杆菌作用下沉淀生成的研究

为了减少氧化亚铁硫杆菌培养过程中黄钾铁矾沉淀的生成,通过改变培养基的pH值、菌种的培养温度、不同的菌种接种量及优化培养基组分等方法,确定出黄钾铁矾沉淀生成量最少的培养条件,即培养基pH值为2.0,培养温度为30℃,菌种接种量为10%,最佳培养基组分K2HPO4为0.25 g/L,KH2PO4为0.195 g/L。此条件下即能保持菌种的良好活性,又能使产生沉淀量降至2.27 g/L。     

Efficacy of chalcopyrite bioleaching using a pure and a mixed bacterium

To determine the efficacy of chalcopyrite bioleaching using pure cultures of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans or Thiobacillus thiooxidans and a mixed culture composed of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans, experiments were carried out in shake flasks with [Fe~(2 )] 4 g.L~(-1) and S 1 g.L~(-1) at pH=1.80, 130 r/min and 30℃. The tests showed that the copper extraction in a mixed culture composed of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans is higher than that in a pure culture. On the other hand, an important potential of Thiobacillus thiooxidans to leaching chalcopyrite was indicated. Thiobacillus thiooxidans can prevent jarosites accumulating on the substrate and allow further copper to dissolute through the action of ferric ion. The selection of the suitable pH in a leaching solution would be significant. Thiobacillus thiooxidans and Thiobacillus ferrooxidans play an important role in the bioleaching process. Finally, the mechanism and the reason for iron precipitation were also discussed in detail.