A novel direct aerodynamically assisted threading methodology for generating biologically viable microthreads encapsulating living primary cells

In a recent discovery, coaxial electrospinning was explored to encapsulate living organisms within a continuous bio‐polymeric microthread from which active biological scaffolds were fabricated (Townsend‐Nicholson and Jayasinghe, Biomacromolecules 2006, 7, 3364). The cells were demonstrated to have gone through all expected cellular activity without their viability being compromised. These biologically active threads and scaffolds have direct and tremendous applicability from regenerative to therapeutic medicine. Currently these post‐processed cells as composite threads and scaffolds are being investigated in‐depth at a cellular level to establish if the processing methodology has any affect on the cellular make‐up. We now demonstrate a competing non‐electric field driven approach for fabricating composite threads and scaffolds influenced only by a differential pressure. We refer to this novel composite thread to scaffold fabrication methodology as coaxial aerodynamically assisted bio‐threading (CAABT). Our investigations firstly, demonstrate that this technique can process handle living organisms without biologically perturbing them in anyway. Secondly the process is elucidated as possessing the ability to form composite active threads from which biologically viable scaffolds are formed. Finally our study employs florescent activated cell sorting (FACScan), a method by which the cellular dynamics and viability are quantified on control and threaded cellular samples at two prescribed time points. In parallel with FACScan, optical comparison of cellular morphology at three time points within a period of three weeks is carried out to photographically observe any changes in the post‐processed cellular phenotype. Our developmental investigations into this novel aerodynamically assisted threading methodology has unearthed a unique biomicrofabrication approach, which joins cell electrospinning in the cell threading to scaffold fabrication endeavor. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Development of a bio‐based composite material from soybean oil and keratin fibers

A novel bio‐based composite material, suitable for electronic as well as automotive and aeronautical applications, was developed from soybean oils and keratin feather fibers (KF). This environmentally friendly, low‐cost composite can be a substitute for petroleum‐based composite materials. Keratin fibers are a hollow, light, and tough material and are compatible with several soybean (S) resins, such as acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO). The new KFS lightweight composites have a density ρ ≈ 1 g/cm³, when the KF volume fraction is 30%. The hollow keratin fibers were not filled by resin infusion and the composite retained a significant volume of air in the hollow structure of the fibers. Due to the retained air, the dielectric constant, k, of the composite material was in the range of 1.7–2.7, depending on the fiber volume fraction, and these values are significantly lower than the conventional silicon dioxide or epoxy, or polymer dielectric insulators. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the 30 wt % composite was 67.4 ppm/°C; this value is low enough for electronic application and similar to the value of silicon materials or polyimides used in printed circuit boards. The water absorption of the AESO polymer was 0.5 wt % at equilibrium and the diffusion coefficient in the KFS composites was dependent on the keratin fiber content. The incorporation of keratin fibers in the soy oil polymer enhanced the mechanical properties such as storage modulus, fracture toughness, and flexural properties, ca. 100% increase at 30 vol %. The fracture energy of a single keratin fiber in the composite was determined to be about 3 kJ/m² with a fracture stress of about 100–200 MPa. Considerable improvements in the KFS composite properties should be possible by optimization of the resin structure and fiber selection. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1524–1538, 2005     

应力型微悬臂梁生化传感器响应机理研究进展

针对静态微悬臂梁表面特异性结合产生表面应力信号的响应机制问题,介绍了微悬臂梁生化传感器的工作原理,阐述了应力响应机制的简化模型,从纵向界面上和横向分子间2个方面对特异性吸附引起的悬臂梁表面应力的变化进行了剖析,讨论了界面能变化、位阻作用、静电力、氢键作用等与表面应力大小及方向之间的关系,总结了应力型微悬臂梁生化传感器的响应机理的研究。     

环境因子对破乳优势菌生长的影响

从油田油泥中富集、培养筛选出两株具有破乳活性的优势菌，并对影响破乳菌生长的主要环境因素进行了试验研究。试验表明：这两株破乳优势菌的最佳生长周期为60～72h，最佳温度为30℃左右，最佳pH值为6-8之间。     

简论转换生成语言学的创新及走向

转换生成语言学自从其诞生起便因其科学性质而受到广大语言学者以及其他研究领域学者们的关注。其理论内部在不断修正和完善。在生物语言学的背景下,转换生成语言学已成为生物语言学的重要组成部分,转换生成语言学的新阶段,即最简方案思想的形成和发展,尤其是语段理论的设想为建立自然科学的语言学进行了有益的探索。     

Biological Solubilisation of Leather Industry Waste in Anaerobic Conditions: Effect of Chromium (III) Presence,Pre-Treatments and Temperature Strategies

Collagen-based polymers and their blends have attracted considerable interest for new materials development due to their unique combination of biocompatibility, physical and mechanical properties and durability. Leather, a modified natural biopolymer made from animal rawhide and the first synthetic collagen-based polymer known since the dawn of civilization, combines all these features. Rawhide is transformed into leather by tanning, a process in which the collagen is cross-linked with different agents to make it stronger and more durable and to prevent its decay. Research on the development of environmentally friendly procedures and sustainable materials with higher efficiency and lower costs is a rapidly growing field, and leather industry is not an exemption. Chrome-tanned and vegetable-tanned (chromium-free) shavings from the leather industry present a high content of organic matter, yet they are considered recalcitrant waste to be degraded by microbiological processes like anaerobic digestion (AD), a solid technology to treat organic waste in a circular economy framework. In this technology however, the solubilisation of organic solid substrates is a significant challenge to improving the efficiency of the process. In this context, we have investigated the process of microbial decomposition of leather wastes from the tannery industry to search for the conditions that produce optimal solubilisation of organic matter. Chrome-tanned and chromium-free leather shavings were pre-treated and anaerobically digested under different temperature ranges (thermophilic–55 °C-, intermediate–42 °C- and mesophilic–35 °C) to evaluate the effect on the solubilisation of the organic matter of the wastes. The results showed that the presence of chromium significantly inhibited the solubilization (up to 60%) in the mesophilic and intermediate ranges; this is the fastest and most efficient solubilization reached under thermophilic conditions using the chromium-free leather shaving as substrates. The most suitable temperature for the solubilization was the thermophilic regime (55 °C) for both chromium-free and chrome-tanned shavings. No significant differences were observed in the thermophilic anaerobic digestion of chromium-free shavings when a pre-treatment was applied, since the solubilisation was already high without pre-treatment. However, the pre-treatments significantly improved the solubilisation in the mesophilic and intermediate configurations; the former pre-treatment was better suited in terms of performance and cost-effectiveness compared to the thermophilic range. Thus, the solubilisation of chromium-free tannery solid wastes can be significantly improved by applying appropriate pre-treatments at lower temperature ranges; this is of utter importance when optimizing anaerobic processes of recalcitrant organic wastes, with the added benefit of substantial energy savings in the scaling up of the process in an optimised circular economy scenario.     

固态发酵技术及其设备的研究进展

介绍了固态发酵的技术、特点及其优越性 ,讨论如何对固态发酵的生物反应过程进行工艺条件控制。同时综述了国内外固态发酵设备的开发现状及最新研究动态 ,为开发研制新型固态发酵设备提供参考     

硒在香菇体内的生物转化及硒蛋白的生物活性

采用香菇深层发酵对无机元素硒进行富集和转化 ,获得了硒含量为 2 2 5 μg/g的香菇菌丝体。硒参与蛋白质、多糖等大分子物质的合成 ,被转化为有机硒 ,有机化程度为 72 9% ,其中 68 2 %以硒蛋白的形式存在。硒对氨基酸和蛋白质的合成具有促进作用 ,其含量分别比对照提高 15 96%和 18 3 %。与无机硒相比 ,硒蛋白吸收利用率高 ,生物活性强 ,饲喂硒蛋白的大鼠体内硒水平和GSH Px活性明显较高。将硒蛋白提取出来 ,取代亚硒酸钠等无机硒作为补硒功能性食品或药品的基料 ,具有广阔的开发前景     

比色法快速测定发酵液中组氨酸

对发酵液中组氨酸的快速测定方法———分光光度法进行了系统研究 ,确定测定时的最大吸收波长为 4 76nm、组氨酸的检测范围为 3.9～ 31.2 μg/mL ,应用该法测定某动物蛋白质水解液中组氨酸的含量 ,并以氨基酸分析仪所测定结果作为参照 ,其相对偏差小于 5 % .