岩金矿山采空区处理现状及对策

岩金矿山以浅眼留矿法为代表的空场采矿法为主要开采手段，约占50％，每年形成数百万m^3采空区，并绝大多数未进行专门处理。本文介绍数例岩金矿山采空区处理方法及效果与对策，供有关企业参考。     

疏浚淤泥中的拱架结构防淤堵机理

透气真空快速泥水分离技术适用于高含水率高粘粒含量疏浚淤泥的堆场处理,可以快速减小堆场中淤泥的体积,加速堆场的周转利用,并能解决常规真空处理方法中存在的滤层淤堵问题。通过对透气真空快速泥水分离试验和常规真空抽水试验结束后进行试样取样颗粒分布试验,可以看出透气真空方法中滤层材料附近的淤泥土体中细颗粒流失,粗颗粒富集,形成拱架结构;而常规真空抽水方法中不存在细颗粒流失,没有形成拱架结构,造成了淤堵。分析了拱架结构层形成的过程,其能够保护土体内部的细颗粒不再流失,同时保证较高的渗透性。解释了常规真空抽水方法容易产生淤堵,而透气真空方法能够解决淤堵问题的原因。     

Micro-computed tomography scanning approaches to quantify,parameterize and visualize bioturbation activity in clogged streambeds: A proof of concept

Fine particle clogging and faunal bioturbation are two key processes co-occurring in the hyporheic zone that potentially affect hyporheic exchange through modifications in the sediment structure of streambeds. Clogging results from excessive fine sediment infiltration and deposition in rivers, and it is known to decrease matrix porosity and potentially reduce permeability. Faunal bioturbation activity may compensate for the negative effect of clogging by reworking the sediment, increasing porosity, and preventing further infiltration of fines. Although both processes of clogging and bioturbation have received significant attention in the literature separately, their combined effects on streambed sediment structure are not well understood, mostly due to the lack of a standard methodology for their assessment. Here, we illustrate a novel methodology using X-ray computed tomography (CT), as proof of concept, to investigate how, together, clogging and bioturbation affect streambed porosity in a controlled flow-through flume. By visualising gallery formations of an upward conveyor macroinvertebrate; Lumbriculus variegatus as a model species, we quantified bioturbation activity in a clogged streambed, focusing on orientation, depth, and volume at downwelling and upwelling areas of the flume. Gallery creation increased the porosity of the streambed sediment, suggesting a potential improvement in permeability and a possible offset of clogging effects. We illustrate the promising use of X-ray CT as a tool to assess bioturbation in clogged streambeds, and the potential role of bioturbation activity supporting hyporheic exchange processes in streambeds, warranting further studies to understand the extent of bioturbation impacts in natural systems.     

黄河水滴灌系统灌水器结构-泥沙淤积-堵塞行为的相关关系研究

传统的黄河水沉淀-过滤系统存在沉沙池建设成本高、过滤器频繁反冲洗能耗高等问题,让更多的细颗粒泥沙随水流排出灌水器体外是解决黄河水滴灌系统灌水器堵塞的新思路,而摸清泥沙在黄河水滴灌系统内部的淤积特性以及灌水器结构-淤积泥沙特性-堵塞特性参数间的相关关系是探索其排沙能力的前提和基础。为此,本文在河套灌区开展了黄河水滴灌系统灌水器堵塞原位试验,系统分析了6种内镶贴片式灌水器内部细颗粒泥沙含量及粒径分布动态变化特征,探索了三者间的级联关系。结果表明：进入灌水器内部的泥沙99%以上可以排出体外,淤积在灌水器内部的泥沙以粉粒为主、砂粒次之、黏粒最少。随着灌水器堵塞加剧,内部淤积泥沙的黏粒、粉粒比例相对降低,而砂粒比例相对增加,泥沙进入灌水器后存在聚集等行为,使得灌水器内部淤积泥沙粒径明显高于毛管入口。泥沙比表面积淤积量、粉粒比例、砂粒比例、D₅₀、D₉₅对黄河水滴灌系统Dra、克里斯琴森均匀系数CU影响显著（p<0.05）,不同灌水器淤积泥沙粒径明显不同,D₅₀与灌水器结构无量纲参数（流道宽深比W/D、面积长度比A^1/2/L）及断面平均流速v显著（p<0.05）相关。本研究对引黄滴灌灌水器设计及灌溉系统过滤配置具有指导意义。     

雨水径流颗粒物对陶瓷透水砖堵塞的影响

通过雨水径流水质的实地检测,分析了雨水径流中颗粒物粒径分布规律;采用室内试验模拟了雨水径流引起的陶瓷透水砖堵塞过程,系统研究了雨水径流中颗粒物对陶瓷透水砖堵塞的影响。结果表明:雨水径流中的颗粒物绝大部分平均粒径小于50 μm;陶瓷透水砖堵塞机制主要是粒径 20~<50 μm的颗粒物引起的表面堵塞,砖表面截留的颗粒物质量约占总截留颗粒物质量的75%;陶瓷透水砖表面截留颗粒物的粒径范围与砖表面孔径范围并不一致,主要是因为陶瓷透水砖截留的颗粒物在其表面形成的“类滤膜”的筛滤截留作用。建议合理减小陶瓷透水砖小于50 μm范围的孔径占比,以提高人工清扫恢复陶瓷透水砖透水性能的效率。     

Mechanism for clogging of microchannels by small particles with liquid cohesion

We numerically investigate the effect of liquid cohesion on the clogging of microchannels induced by small wet particles. The computer simulation is performed by the discrete element method (DEM) with cohesive contact models in presence of pendular liquid bridges, which is embedded into the computational fluid dynamics (CFD). We find that liquid cohesion significantly promotes particle deposition and agglomerate growth. A clogging phase diagram, in the form of Weber number and Stokes number, is constructed to quantify the clogging-nonclogging transition. The competition between particle–particle and particle–fluid interactions is quantitatively discussed in terms of particle velocity and slip velocity. Strong cohesion can address a greater slip velocity or drag between particles and fluid, which depresses the resuspension of deposited particles and results in clogging. Finally, we compare our results with clogging induced by van der Waals adhesion of small dry particles and find that the competence of liquid cohesion is more prominent.     

水口结瘤对板坯连铸结晶器钢水行为影响的数值模拟

以230 mm×1 600 mm板坯连铸机结晶器为研究对象,采用CFD数值模拟的计算方法,建立了VOF模型,研究了连铸水口结瘤对钢渣界面波动与钢液流动行为的影响。研究结果表明,当水口无结瘤时,结晶器内流场为典型的双环流形貌。当水口有结瘤时,结晶器内水口两侧会出现严重的非对称流,结瘤侧流股范围小,非结瘤侧流股范围大。水口不结瘤一侧动能增大导致结晶器下涡心位置下降,会使钢液冲击深度增大;水口结瘤一侧水口因涡心位置较高,加剧了弯月面处的波动和钢渣表面的波动紊乱。结瘤情况下的钢液波动较大,最大波动差为4.03 mm;不结瘤情况下钢液波动较平稳,最大波动差为1.4 mm。     

大坡降复合式水平旋流内消能泄洪洞阻塞扩散段试验研究

以两河口水电站3#导流洞改建为复合式大坡降水平旋流内消能泄洪洞为例,对大坡降水平旋流洞末端和导流洞之间的衔接方式进行了试验研究。提出了阻塞渐扩和阻塞突扩两种不同的衔接方式,并对两种旋流扩散体型局部流态及壁面压强、断面掺气浓度、旋流扩散轨迹等水力特性进行了量测与分析,得到各体型旋流扩散段流态及各项水力特性随上游水位变化的基本规律。     

提高高铝钢可浇性工艺技术研究

为了提高高铝钢可浇性,在转炉出钢及LF精炼过程对钢包渣进行改质处理,连铸采用专用高铝钢保护渣,中间包采用塞棒吹氩＋密封圈等水口防堵工艺。工艺试验结果表明,夹杂物组成可控制在12CaO·7Al2O3、3CaO·Al2O3低熔点组成区域,浇铸时长为4.5~6h时,液面状况正常,无结团,渣条较少且无硬渣条,铸坯表面质量优良,连续浇铸炉数不低于6炉。     

Online forecasting model of tundish nozzle clogging

A nozzle clogging online forecasting model based on hydrodynamics engineering was developed, in which the actual flow rate was calculated from the mold width, thickness, and casting speed. There is a linear relationship between the theoretical flow rate and the slide gate opening ratio as the molten steel level, argon flow rate, and the top slag weight are kept constant, and the relationship can be obtained by regression of the data collected at the beginning of the first heat in each casting sequence when the nozzle clogging does not occur. Then, during the casting, the theoretical flow rate can be calculated at intervals of one second. Comparing the theoretical flow rate with the actual flow rate, the online nozzle clogging ratio can be obtained at intervals of one second. The computer model based on the conception of the nozzle clogging ratio can display the degree of the nozzle clogging intuitively.