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1.
Ionic liquids as electrolytes 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Salts having a low melting point are liquid at room temperature, or even below, and form a new class of liquids usually called room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL). Information about RTILs can be found in the literature with such key words as: room temperature molten salt, low-temperature molten salt, ambient-temperature molten salt, liquid organic salt or simply ionic liquid. Their physicochemical properties are the same as high temperature ionic liquids, but the practical aspects of their maintenance or handling are different enough to merit a distinction. The class of ionic liquids, based on tetraalkylammonium cation and chloroaluminate anion, has been extensively studied since late 1970s of the XX century, following the works of Osteryoung. Systematic research on the application of chloroaluminate ionic liquids as solvents was performed in 1980s. However, ionic liquids based on aluminium halides are moisture sensitive. During the last decade an increasing number of new ionic liquids have been prepared and used as solvents. The general aim of this paper was to review the physical and chemical properties of RTILs from the point of view of their possible application as electrolytes in electrochemical processes and devices. The following points are discussed: melting and freezing, conductivity, viscosity, temperature dependence of conductivity, transport and transference numbers, electrochemical stability, possible application in aluminium electroplating, lithium batteries and in electrochemical capacitors. 相似文献
2.
王雪飞 《计算机工程与应用》2015,(10)
以古民居的分布与发展演变为变量参数所形成的古村落拓扑图,通过对Lebesgue测度计算形成几何拟合数值曲线,在引入优美图优美标号的基础上,形成对村落优美度η的勒贝格测度值,在古村落发育(时间增长)过程中,η值是单调变化的。以徽州地区存在1000年古村落google卫星图像为基础,结合历史文献获得不同年代民居拓扑图,依据上述方法对村落拓扑中优美图进行统计量化,定义出村落优美度值η。结论认为η介于8000左右时,村落民居年代人文分布丰富;而低于6000时村落民居数量发展上升,但人文资料零乱;在700年左右的村落中,η值稳定在9600附近,呈现出古村落的明显拓扑特征。通过村落优美度按年代变化的η值曲线,对村落的(年代)演变做了分析。 相似文献
3.
GH4720Li合金中Ti、Al含量较高,同时加入了Zr元素。铸态合金在枝晶间存在γ+γ′相共晶、MC型碳化物相、一次η相和Ni5Zr相。合金的凝固顺序为:L→γ;L→MC;L→γ+γ′;L→η;L→Ni5Zr。将铸态合金进行1130℃/20h+1180℃/10h两阶段均匀化处理可以消除枝晶间γ+γ′相共晶、一次η相和Ni5Zr相。 相似文献
4.
The kinetic theory of polyatomic gases is used to test the mutual consistency of the thermal conductivity, viscosity and specific heat of low-pressure steam from 100° to 700°C. No inconsistency exists within the cited tolerances of the skeleton tables recommended by the Sixth International Conference on the Properties of Steam, but there is some basis for suspecting that the high-temperature thermal conductivity values are slightly low. Methods for tightening the consistency bounds are suggested. 相似文献
5.
D. Anibal Garcia-hernandez Arturo Manchado 《Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures》2016,24(3):225-233
The iron carbonyl complexes with C60 and C70 fullerenes were synthesized in high yield by photochemical irradiation of solutions of C60 and C70 in presence of Fe(CO)5. The resulting complexes were studied by FT-IR, Raman and electronic absorption spectroscopy. All the data are consistent with the structures [Fe(CO)4(η2C60)] and [Fe(CO)4(η2C70)]. The thermal stability and decomposition reaction of the two complexes were studied by TGA-FTIR and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Both complexes decompose at moderate temperatures releasing CO and Fe(CO)5 in the vapor phase leaving a residue of metallic iron and free C60 or C70 fullerenes that can be recovered by solvent extraction of the decomposition residue. 相似文献
6.
Tatiana V. Magdesieva Magdalena Graczyk Oleg M. Nikitin Kim P. Butin 《Electrochimica acta》2006,52(3):1265-1280
We have studied a reaction between the reduced form of titanocene dichloride (Cp2TiCl2) and a group of organic halides: benzyl derivatives (4-XC6H4CH2Cl, X = H, NO2, CH3; 4-XC6H4CH2Br, X = H, NO2, PhC(O); 4-XC6H4CH2SCN, X = H, NO2) as well as three aryl halides (4-NO2C6H4Hal, Hal = Cl, Br; 4-CH3O-C6H4Cl). It has been shown that the electrochemical reduction of Cp2TiCl2 in the presence of these benzyl halides leads to a catalytic cycle resulting in the reductive dehalogenation of these organic substrates to yield mostly corresponding toluene derivatives as the main product. No dehalogenation has been observed for aryl derivatives. Based on electrochemical data and digital simulation, possible schemes of the catalytic process have been outlined. For non-substituted benzyl halides halogen atom abstraction is a key step. For the reaction of nitrobenzyl halides the complexation of Ti(III) species with the nitro group takes place, with the electron transfer from Ti(III) to this group (owing to its highest coefficient in LUMO of the nitro benzyl halide) followed by an intramolecular dissociative electron redistribution in the course of the heterolytic CHal bond cleavage.The results for reduced titanocene dichloride centers immobilized inside a polymer film showed that the catalytic reductive dehalogenation of the p-nitrobenzyl chloride does occur but with a low efficiency because of the partial deactivation of the film due to the blocking of the electron charge transport between the electrode and catalytic centers. 相似文献
7.
Yuan-GuoTan Fang Liu An-Wen Zhang Da-Wei Han Xiao-Yu Yao Wei-Wei Zhang Wen-Ru Sun 《金属学报(英文版)》2019,32(10):1298-1308
The as-cast microstructure, element segregation and solidification behavior of a multi-alloyed superalloy ЭК151 have been investigated. The results show that the severe element segregation leads to the complicated precipitations at the inter-dendritic region, including η-Ni_3(Ti, Nb), eutectic(γ + γ') and Laves, which shows the characteristics of both Ti, Al-strengthened and Nb-strengthened alloys. Differential thermal analysis, heating and quenching tests reveal the solidification sequence as follows: Liquids →γ matrix →(Nb, Ti)C →η-Ni 3(Ti, Nb) →eutectic( γ+γ') → Laves. The melting points are between 1250 and 1260 °C for(Nb, Ti)C, between 1200 and 1210 °C for η phase, between 1180 and 1190 °C for eutectic(γ+γ') and Laves. γ' initially precipitates from matrix at 1150 °C and achieves the maximum precipitation at 1130 °C. According to the microstructure evolution captured during solidification and composition analysis by an energy dispersive spectrometer and electron probe microanalyzer,(Nb, Ti)/Al ratio is put forward to explain the formation of η-Ni_3(Ti, Nb) and eutectic( γ+γ'). The solidification of γ matrix increased the Nb, Ti concentration in the residual liquids, so the high(Nb, Ti)/Al ratio would result in the formation of η-Ni_3(Ti, Nb); the precipitation of the phase consumed Nb and Ti and decreased the(Nb, Ti)/Al ratio in the liquid, which led to the precipitation of eutectic(γ + γ'). Laves formed by the sides of η-Ni_3(Ti, Nb) and in front of the eutectic( γ + γ') after Al, Ti were further depleted by the two phases and Cr, Co, Mo were rejected to liquids. 相似文献
8.
在AR2000ex型流变仪上对沉淀碳酸钙(Precipitated calcium carbonate,PCC)在PEG(聚乙二醇)悬浮体系进行稳态剪切流变实验。通过2种方法来改变分散体系黏度:1)以PEG200(相对分子质量为200)为连续相,分散体系以10℃为间隔从10℃上升至50℃;2)在30℃用相同的聚合物3种不同相对分子质量的PEG(PEG200、PEG400和PEG600)。结果表明随着温度升高,PCC/PEG200分散体系的临界剪切速率越来越大。在剪切增稠区内流动指数N随温度升高而降低,稠度系数K随着温度升高而升高。临界剪切速率以及临界剪切黏度与温度严格满足Arrhenius关系:η=A exp[Ea/(RT)]。研究发现随温度的变化临界剪切应力不变。随着PEG的相对分子质量增加,分散体系的黏度增加,临界剪切增稠速率减小。PCC粉末的分形结构以及聚集体的形貌使得体系的相对黏度远大于硬球体系的相对黏度。 相似文献
9.
Muhammad Adi Negara Niti GoelDaniel Bauza Gerard GhibaudoPaul K. Hurley 《Microelectronic Engineering》2011,88(7):1095-1097
This paper reports on an investigation of interface state densities, low frequency noise and electron mobility in surface channel In0.53Ga0.47As n-MOSFETs with a ZrO2 gate dielectric. Interface state density values of Dit ∼ 5 × 1012 cm−2 eV−1 were extracted using sub-threshold slope analysis and charge pumping technique. The same order of magnitude of trap density was found from low frequency noise measurements. A peak effective electron mobility of 1200 cm2/Vs has been achieved. For these surface channel In0.53Ga0.47As n-MOSFETs, it was found that η parameter, an empirical parameter used to calculate the effective electric field, was ∼0.55, and is to be comparable to the standard value found in Si device. 相似文献
10.
Methylcelluloses dissolved in water show a temperature dependent gelling behaviour. The gel temperatures depend mainly on the degree of substitution with methyl groups. The behaviour of methylcellulose containing pastes is of high importance in various applications. The paper describes the influence of the degree of substitution on the thermal characteristics of methylcelluloses in water and in ceramic pastes. The gelation temperature of the methylcellulose in both systems is increasing with decreasing degree of substitution. This enables a broader temperature window in the ceramic extrusion process. Extrusion near the gelation temperature normally leads to many defects in the extrudate. However, close to the gelation temperature the extruded profiles show more defects with methylcelluloses having a higher degree of substitution. Methylcelluloses having a low degree of substitution also enable a paste extrusion above the gelation temperature (up to 90 °C). This is not possible with currently commercially available methylcelluloses. 相似文献