太阳能无人机机翼颤振动力学建模与分析

太阳能无人机作为一种大展弦比轻质飞行器,其机翼的气动弹性效应显著,其中颤振问题尤为关键。此类飞机具有大尺寸和低刚度特点,通过风洞试验研究机翼颤振问题,成本高而且难度大,难以实现,因此仿真计算是分析此类飞机颤振问题的主要手段。针对国内某翼展为40米的太阳能无人机大展弦比机翼,首先对机翼有限元模型进行工程化处理,在此基础上开展结构动力学分析和颤振计算,重点计算了机翼上不同吊舱布置下的颤振速度。经过仿真计算,得到该太阳能无人机机翼颤振速度为26m/s, 满足设计要求,进一步分析表明,可以通过增加发动机连杆的长度、在发动机上增加配重以及改变吊舱在机翼上的展向站位等手段来提高此无人机的颤振速度。     

Prediction of the wind turbine performance by using BEM with airfoil data extracted from CFD

Blade element momentum (BEM) theory with airfoil data is a widely used technique for prediction of wind turbine aerodynamic performance, but the reliability of the airfoil data is an important factor for the prediction accuracy of aerodynamic loads and power. The airfoil characteristics used in BEM codes are mostly based on 2D wind tunnel measurements of airfoils with constant span. Due to 3D effects, a BEM code using airfoil data obtained directly from 2D wind tunnel measurements will not yield the correct loading and power. As a consequence, 2D airfoil characteristics have to be corrected before they can be used in a BEM code. In this article, we consider the MEXICO (Model EXperiments In Controlled cOnditions) rotor where airfoil data are extracted from CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) results. The azimuthally averaged velocity is used as the sectional velocity to define the angle of attack and the coefficient of lift and drag is determined by the forces on the blade. The extracted airfoil data are put into a BEM code without further corrections, and the calculated axial and tangential forces are compared to both computations using BEM with Shen's tip loss correction model and experimental data. The comparisons show that the recalculated forces by using airfoil data extracted from CFD have good agreements with the experiment.     

风力机叶片气动载荷的优化研究

为了研究垂直轴风力机的叶片气动性能,利用流固耦合法模拟了垂直轴风力机在实际工况下的气动载荷分析,模拟结果表明,由于翼型后部较薄,受到的变形应力最大。为了避免因叶片变形而引起风力机整体气动性能下降,提出了通过加大翼型后部厚度的方案来提高叶片的强度,并通过数值模拟对改进后的翼型做了气动性能分析,得出了适当的增加翼型后部厚度,并不会对翼型气动性能造成太大的影响,验证了此方案的有效性。这些研究结论为今后垂直轴风力机的设计制造提供了一定的参考依据。     

Reduced frequency effects on the near-wake of an oscillating elliptic airfoil

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the reduced frequency effect on the near-wake of an elliptic airfoil oscillating in pitch. The airfoil was sinusoidally pitched around the center of the chord between -5° and +25° angles of attack at an airspeed of 3.4 m/s. The chord Reynolds number and reduced frequencies were 3.3 X104, and 0.1, 0.7, respectively. Phase-averaged axial velocity and turbulent intensity profiles are presented to show the reduced frequency effects on the near-wake behind the airfoil oscillating in pitch. Axial velocity defects in the near-wake region have a tendency to increase in response to a reduced frequency during pitch up motion, whereas it tends to decrease during pitch down motion at a positive angle of attack. Turbulent intensity at positive angles of attack during the pitch up motion decreased in response to a reduced frequency, whereas turbulent intensity during the pitch down motion varies considerably with downstream stations. Although the true instantaneous angle of attack compensated for a phase-lag is large, the wake thickness of an oscillating airfoil is not always large because of laminar or turbulent separation.     

风力机叶片覆冰翼型气动性能的数值模拟

以某1.5 MW风机叶片S818翼型为研究对象,建立了翼型流场有限元分析模型。采用基于Reynolds平均的Navier Stokes不可压缩粘性方程作为流动控制方程,对无冰翼型、霜冰、弦长冰及角冰翼型进行数值模拟分析,得到了-2°-20°攻角下不同厚度叶片翼型的升阻比、速度矢量和表面压力分布。研究结果表明：覆冰越厚,翼型的最大升阻比降幅越大。对于弦长冰和角冰在厚度达到一定值时,使得升阻比损失产生较大的突变。在覆冰厚度都为10 mm时,角冰的最大升阻比减幅最大,达到22.04%;其次是弦长冰为11.97%,霜冰的最小为6.41%。同时结冰后的翼型会提前进入失速区,导致桨叶气动性能恶化,降低了风机的功率系数。     

复合材料夹层结构翼型件的有限元分析

利用有限元方法对一种复合材料夹层结构翼型件在一定压力下的力学性能进行了数值分析。计算结果显示最大变形区域为翼型件右上半部分,最大位移为6．2mm。应力分析表明面板部分受力较小,应力主要集中在右边铝合金下半部分。将计算所得应力值代入TsAi—Wu破坏准则进行校核,结果表明,翼型件在所加载荷下安全,为翼型件的强度设计提供了理论依据。通过真空辅助模压成型工艺试制了若干件翼型件并进行了静力学测试,结果表明,理论计算与试验结果具有较好的一致性。试验完成后对翼型件的内部质量进行了无损检测,结果表明,与拉力试验前相比翼型件内部没有损伤产生。     

TC4合金叶片精锻过程的二维数值模拟

采用刚塑性有限元法对钛合金精锻叶片的锻造过程进行了二维有限元数值模拟。在数值模拟过程中 ,考虑了摩擦边界的作用和畸变网格的局部重划分。根据数值模拟结果 ,研究了不同锻造工艺参数 (变形温度、变形速率、压下量等 )对叶片锻造过程中的变形力、应力和应变变化的影响规律。     

Variable-complexity optimization applied to airfoil design

Variable-complexity methods are applied to aerodynamic shape design problems with the objective of reducing the total computational cost of the optimization process. Two main strategies are employed: the use of different levels of fidelity in the analysis models (variable fidelity) and the use of different sets of design variables (variable parameterization). Variable-fidelity methods with three different types of corrections are implemented and applied to a set of two-dimensional airfoil optimization problems that use computational fluid dynamics for the analysis. Variable parameterization is also used to solve the same problems. Both strategies are shown to reduce the computational cost of the optimization.     

Influence of separated vortex on aerodynamic noise of an airfoil blade

In order to clarify the mechanism by which aerodynamic noise is generated from separated flow around an airfoil blade, the relation between the attack angle and the aerodynamic noise of the blade was analyzed using a wind tunnel experiment and a CFD code. In the case of rear surface separation, the separated vortex which has a large-scale structure in the direction of the blade chord is transformed into a structure that concentrates at the trailing edge with an increase in the attack angle. The aerodynamic noise level then becomes small according to the vortex scale in the blade chord. When the flow is separated at the leading edge, a separated vortex of low pressure is formed at the vicinity of the trailing edge. The pressure fluctuations on the blade surface at the vicinity of the trailing edge become large due to the vortex in the wake. It is considered that the aerodynamic noise level increases when the flow is separated at the leading edge because the separated vortex is causing the fluctuations due to wake vortex shedding.     

粉煤灰百叶窗式分选机的试验研究

介绍了一种根据儒可夫斯基翼型理论设计的粉煤灰变形翼型百叶窗式分选装置,并通过大量的试验及对比研究找出了可发挥最佳分选性能（粉煤灰粒细及未燃炭含量少）的工作条件。