Tocopherol contents of some Turkish wine by-products

The aim of this study was to determine the tocopherol contents of wine by-products including grape seed, pomace (seed, skin and stem) and bagasse (skin and stem) by using two different extraction methods in order to evaluate the possibilities of them as natural non-polar antioxidants. Cold extraction appeared to give more tocopherol contents in seeds than hot extraction. But hot extraction was found more suitable for pomace and bagasse. α-Tocopherol was the most abundant tocopherol in the grape seed, pomace and bagasse. Although γ- and δ-tocopherols were found in the samples with low concentrations, β-tocopherol was not detected in the samples. Kalecik karası had the highest α and total tocopherol compared to the other cultivars. On the other hand, hot extracted bagasse in all cultivars gave the highest tocopherol contents. As a conclusion, wine by-products, a large scale wastes, can be evaluated both to get natural tocopherol source and to obtain economical gain.     

Pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry of modified bagasse fractions

The fractions obtained from bagasse after activation with 17.5% NaOH, alternative alkylation with quarternary ammonium groups and extraction with 80% ethanol, water and 5% NaOH, were analyzed using pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry (Py-FIMS). The proposed degradation products from lignin were mostly symmetric fragments containing two aromatic rings while the compounds formed from polysaccharides were the result of dehydration reactions. From the temperature-resolved Py-FIMS it could be seen that ethanol-lignin starts to degrade at temperatures lower than 180°C before the degradation of the hemicellulose fraction. The lignin markers are eliminated from hemicellulose fractions before the polysaccharide gasification starts. The quarternary ammonium groups are cleaved from the fractions at temperatures lower than 200°C.     

Synthesis of waste bagasse-derived Li4SiO4-based ceramics for cyclic CO2 capture: Investigation on the effects of different pretreatment approaches

The bagasse, which is a typical agricultural and forestry waste, was employed as the silicon source to produce Li₄SiO₄-based ceramics with superior CO₂ sorption performance. It is found that the presence of impurities elements in the bagasse ash will bring complex side reactions and form side products during the sorbent preparation process, which are extremely harmful to the performance of the synthetic sorbent. Pretreatment has been considered as an effective approach to reduce the impurities elements. In this work, the effects and mechanisms of water/acid washing pretreatments on bagasse ash were firstly detailed investigate and compared. The results indicate that the hydrochloric acid washing pretreatment can effectively remove the residual metals (Ca, Fe, etc.) in the sample in addition to the water-soluble impurities (K, P, S, etc.). The maximum sorption capacity of sorbent synthesized by the acid washing pretreatment is about 0.32 g/g sorbent and the superior performance can be well maintained over 10 cycles. A novel technical route utilizing the ash from biomass power plants for in-situ CO₂ capture has been developed, which has great potential for carbon capture in the future.     

Conversion of aqueous extracts from thermochemical treatment of bagasse into functional emulsifiers

Synthetic emulsifiers in food industries are being replaced with a customer-friendly food ingredient that is derived from biomass using sustainable green technologies. After hydrothermal liquefaction treatment, raw bagasse (21%), pith (26%), and rind portions (25%) were obtained with reduced ash contents. As aqueous extracts, with oligosaccharides and lignin residues, it was used in the preparation of oil-in-water emulsions with 5% soybean oil. Results showed that the emulsions stabilised the oil droplets with particle size between 11 and 17 µm by steric repulsion with raw bagasse-stabilised emulsion showing a better stability at 25 °C (31 days). It was demonstrated that raw bagasse extracts, without alteration, maybe a potential unconventional source for food-grade emulsifiers by integrating a versatile thermochemical conversion of waste without the use of chemicals.     

生物质制取燃油催化裂解的工艺研究

通过实验证实,利用生物质甘蔗渣作为原料,在CaO作为催化剂和隔氧条件下发生催化裂解反应生成生物质燃料油的研究是可行的。影响生物质催化裂解生成生物质燃料油的两个最主要的因素：一个是裂解的温度,另外一个是催化剂CaO的用量,通过实验找出了这两个因素的最佳点,即：裂解温度为550℃,CaO与甘蔗渣的质量比约为0.15：1。通过对产品生物质燃料油进行真空蒸馏,分别在25℃、30℃、40℃、45℃下蒸馏出燃料油,再对蒸馏出的燃料油进行粘度和闪点的测定,它们的运动粘度（mm2/s）分别为2.31、2.89、3.45、5.38,它们的闪点分别为69℃、75℃、86℃、106℃。产品生物质燃料油的粘度和闪点位于我们所用的燃料油的安全粘度和闪点的范围内,可以满足作为燃料油的需要。     

利用蔗渣制备高取代度羧甲基纤维素钠的研究

以蔗渣为原料,经NaOH／H2O2水溶液体系预处理后,得到蔗渣纤维素。以氯乙酸钠为醚化剂,以85％乙醇水溶液为介质,经一次碱化、二次醚化反应后,制得了取代度（DS）为1．32的羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）。利用红外光谱（FT-IR）、X射线衍射（xRD）、热重分析（TGA）和扫描电镜（sEM）等分析测试手段,对制得样品的结构进行表征,并研究了羧甲基纤维素钠样品的粘度性能。     

Comparative Analysis of Synthetic Natural Gas versus Hydrogen Production from Bagasse

A rigorous and comparative evaluation of two biomass‐to‐gases (BtG) conversion routes was performed and, according to this outcome, it is suggested which of the options evaluated is most desirable. These options, the hydrogen and synthetic natural gas (SNG) production, were designed in Aspen Plus process simulation software. Sugar cane bagasse was considered as feedstock. Mass and energy balance data were extracted from the simulations, and consequently thermodynamic (exergy analysis), economic (financial and uncertainty analysis), and environmental (CO₂ emissions) evaluations were carried out. Exergy and environmental analysis favor the SNG production while the hydrogen route provides higher profits.     

A modified method of nitric acid pulping of bagasse

Pulping of bagasse by a rapid and mild nitric acid process was successfully carried out to produce different grades of pulp. Nitric chemimechanical bagasse pulp was produced in a high yield of 91 % on pulping depithed bagasse with 4% HNO₃ for a period of 30 min at 80°C, followed by alkali pulping with 2% NaOH at 95°C for 30 min. The pulp had a satisfactory strength and high opacity. On increasing the strengths of nitric acid to 7% and alkali to 7% a nitric semichemical pulp of 65% yield was obtained. The pulp had a superior strength and high opacity. The pulp was easily bleached to 71% general electric brightness (GE) with the chlorination-alkali-extraction-hypochlorite (CEH) sequence. With 15% HNO₃ and 8% NaOH, nitric chemical bagasse pulp was produced. The pulp was easily bleached to a high brightness of 82% GE with one stage hypochlorite. The pulp had a higher strength than kraft bagasse pulp. A satisfactory newsprint paper was produced on an experimental paper machine with a furnish composed of 80% bleached nitric semichemical bagasse pulp, 10% bleached softwood pulp and 10% clay.     

Development of advanced technology for biomass combustion—CFD as an essential tool

Major advances have been made in the development of bagasse combustion technologies and understanding the many processes involved in bagasse combustion and steam generation. CFD modeling has come to form an integral and critical part of this progression. The experience with CFD in the sugar industry through Sugar Research Institute has encompassed the full range of applications from fundamental code development, through the generation and commercialization of new ideas and technologies, to the resolution of practical plant problems. The paper summarises the numerous applications where SRI has achieved successful results utilizing CFD. It is demonstrated that the full benefits of CFD in the delivery of commercial outcomes, for new technologies and the solution of operating plant problems, are achieved through the close interaction between the code development and validation via full scale plant simulation. This two-way interaction enhances the code fundamentals by focusing on practical issues and similarly increases the confidence in the capabilities and accuracy of the CFD predictions, to an extent that justifies firm engineering decisions on commercial plant based solely on the characteristics predicted by the code.     

蔗渣膳食纤维挤压改性的研究(Ⅱ)──挤压降解机理及挤压对纤维物化性质的影响

借助于气相色谱和X-衍射的分析表明，挤压蒸煮处理后蔗渣膳食纤维内部组成成分得以调整与重组。部分不溶性阿拉伯木聚糖会溶解或断裂某些连接键转变成可溶性阿拉伯木聚糖，但纤维的聚合物结构并没发生深度降解或破坏。挤压蒸煮还对膳食纤维的物化性质产生不同程度的影响。