Generation,validation and application of dynamic load profiles in flow measurement using cavitating Herschel–Venturi nozzles

Today, utility meters for water are tested for measurement behavior at stable operating conditions at specified flow rates as part of the approval process. The measurement error that occurs during start and stop or when changing between flow rates may not be taken into account. In addition, there are new technologies whose measuring behavior under real-world conditions is only known to a limited extend. To take these facts into account, a new method has been developed and tested to determine the measurement behavior of water meters under dynamic load profiles as they occur in the real application. For this purpose, a test rig for flow rate measurement was extended by a cavitation nozzle apparatus and the generation of dynamic load profiles was validated. For the cavitation nozzles used, possible factors influencing the flow rate, such as temperature and purity of the water as well as the upstream pressure were investigated. Using different types of domestic water meters, the applicability of the dynamic test procedure was demonstrated and the measurement behavior of the meters was characterised.     

Vibration cavitation behaviour of selected Ni-Mn-Ga alloys

Vibration cavitation erosion tests were carried out on Ni-Mn-Ga alloys of three different crystal structures: (1) the cubic austenite, (2) the non-modulated tetragonal martensite (T) and (3) the five-layered martensite (5M). All Ni-Mn-Ga alloys exhibited cavitation behaviour characterized by a step-wise curve of mass loss versus test time. This behaviour is correlated to the microstructural nature of the alloys as well as the surface conditions of the pre-test samples. The type and concentration of the defects at the surfaces were critical to the cavitation resistance of the alloys. The best cavitation resistant alloy was of a cubic austenitic structure, followed with the alloy of a tetragonal T-martensite. The largest material loss was found in the alloy with a 5M martensite. All the studied Ni-Mn-Ga alloys had an excellent cavitation resistance compared to that of the reference stainless steel, and they even excelled some NiTi alloys found in literature. This may be due to the superelasticity of the cubic austenite and the twinning of the martensitic phases.     

Non-uniform hydrogen attack cavitation and the role of interaction with creep

Hydrogen attack (HA) is the development of grain-boundary porosity by cavities filled with high-pressure methane that originates from the reaction of carbides with hydrogen at high temperatures. The cavities grow by grain-boundary diffusion and by creep of the adjacent grain material till they coalesce with neighbouring cavities to form a microcrack. Earlier work on HA has focussed on unit cells containing a single cavity, using average cavitation properties. Here, non-uniform cavitation properties on the grain-size scale are assumed in a polycrystalline aggregate, and unit cell analyses are performed to investigate the influence of the adjacent grains on the development of the grain-boundary HA. The numerical results are explained in terms of two simplified models which highlight the key parameters governing the grain deformation-grain boundary cavitation interaction process.     

初生空化与液体抗拉强度的关系

自1983年开始以液体的抗拉强度作为其空化临界压强研究初生空化的比尺效应以来,该方法已得到进一步的应用和完善。本文就研究中遇到的一些问题,如关于空化灵敏度仪的校正,“零抗拉强度”的概念,试验设备中液体抗拉强度的动态变化以及在空化试验中使用该方法的技术和意义等作详细的阐述。     

水压节流阀口流量特性的实验研究及水压节流阀的研制

本文将介绍作者自行研制的水压阀阀口流动特性的实验装置，用该装置完成了各种典型水压阀阀口流动特性以及空化影响流动特性的实验研究，依据实验的结果完成了水压元件性能试验台所需各类水压阀的研制。     

滑动轴承两种油膜边界条件的比较

本文对滑动轴承计算中两种常用的油膜边界条件进行了比较，一种是雷诺边界条件，另一种即质量守恒边界条件。对于前者，常采用负压力归零法进行计算，对于后者，大多采用Elrod算法。本文通过改变Elrod算法中的变量θ的定义，对Elrood算法进行改进，建立一新的通用方程，可自动确定动态边界，并在稳态工况下，将两种边界条件的计算结果与实验数据进行比较，发现根据质量守恒边界条件采用本文新改进的算法计算所得结果与实验数据十分吻合，同时，计算结果表明，空穴并不总是降低轴承的承载力，在稳态工况下，当空穴压力为较大的负压力时，轴承的承载能力反而有明显提高。     

节流槽型阀口噪声特性试验研究

截止节流阀是制冷循环中重要的控制元件,依靠阀芯及阀体的运动从而改变流束截面达到节流的目的。截止节流阀在运行过程中阀内容易出现空化现象,引起阀体及阀芯的震动产生噪声,严重影响阀门的工作效率及使用寿命。因此研究截止节流阀内流场空化特性意义重大。文章基于CFD研究了阀芯位置、入口压力、入口流速对截止节流阀内部流场的影响,通过数值计算得出内部流场的压力分布、空化分布、流速分布。研究结果表明：随着阀座与阀芯之间距离的增加,空化程度减弱;随着入口压力的增大,压降增大,阀内的最大体积分数从0.7增大到0.9,空化区域扩大,空化程度愈发强烈。在不同入口流速的工况下阀内空化区域主要分布于阀座与阀芯附近,且入口流速增大,空化区域扩大,空化程度更剧烈。

     

Computational cavitation flows at inception and light stages on an axial-flow pump blade and in a cage-guided control valve

Cavitation flows induced around an axial-flow pump blade and inside a high pressure cage-type valve are simu-lated by a two-dimensional unsteady Navier-Stokes analysis with the simplest treatment of bubble dynamics.Thefluid is assumed as a continuum of homogeneous dispersed mixture of water and vapor nuclei.The analysis isaimed to capture transient stages with high amplitude pressure change during the birth and collapse of the bubbleespecially at the stage of cavitation inception.By the pump blade analysis,in which the field pressure is moderate,cavitation number of the inception and locations of developed cavitation are found to agree with experimental re-suits in a wide flow range between high incidence and negative incidence.In the valve flow analysis,in which thewater pressure of 5MPa is reduced to 2MPa,pressure change responding to the bubble collapse between the vaporpressure lower than 1 KPa and the extreme pressure of higher than 10~4 KPa is captured through a stable computa-tion.Location of the inception bubble and pressure force to the valve plug is found agree well with the respectiveexperimental features.     

碳酸盐泵振动原因分析及改造

茂名乙烯乙二醇装置关键设备碳酸盐泵 ,1 996年 8月投料试车后 ,泵及进出口管线存在异常噪声和振动 ,管线的振动范围入口端约为 1 8m ,出口端约为 8m ,管道最大振幅可达 2 5～ 3 5mm ,噪音最高达到 1 1 6db ,严重影响设备的安全运行。从装置设计、实际操作状况、试验入手分析 ,找出了产生振动的直接原因是泵汽蚀。根据装置现有实际情况 ,采取在泵入口设置增能器方法 ,来提高泵的吸入压头 ,进而提高泵装置汽蚀余量。安装增能器后 ,管线振动基本消除 ,噪音也降到安全环保规定范围内 ,使碳酸盐泵的运行周期由 3个月延长至 1年以上     

新型CrMnNiN奥氏体不锈钢的抗空穴腐蚀及磨损性能

对新型CrMnNiN不锈钢JA2（0．23C－13Mn-17Cr-1.90Ni-1.5Mo-1Si-0.33N)的抗空穴腐蚀及磨损性能进行了测试，结果表明，这种奥氏体高锰不锈钢具有高的加工硬化率和好的韧性，比目前水轮机转轮及叶片常用的0Cr13Ni5Mo有更高的抗空穴腐蚀性能及耐泥沙磨损性能。