储能型双馈风电场联合STATCOM的无功协调控制

针对传统双馈风电机组(DFIG)低电压穿越(LVRT)能力不足问题,提出了储能型双馈风电场联合STATCOM的无功协调控制。该控制是在网侧变流器（GSC）原有的模型上将超级电容经隔离型DC/DC变换器并联到风机直流侧,以此吸收故障期间直流侧产生的不平衡功率;在发生低电压故障时,根据超级电容投入情况,对两侧变流器和并联在风机出口母线上的STATCOM进行无功协调控制来支撑电网电压;同时超级电容储能装置采用电压电流双闭环控制,满足了系统稳定性和经济性的要求。仿真结果表明：该方法应用在风电并网系统中可以使DFIG的LVRT能力得到极大的提升。     

Internal electrical fault detection techniques in DFIG-based wind turbines: a review

The keys factor in making wind power one of the main power sources to meet the world’s growing energy demands is the reliability improvement of wind turbines (WTs). However, the eventuality of fault occurrence on WT com ponents cannot be avoided, especially for doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based WTs, which are operating in severe environments. The maintenance need increases due to unexpected faults, which in turn leads to higher operating cost and poor reliability. Extensive investigation into DFIG internal fault detection techniques has been carried out in the last decade. This paper presents a detailed review of these techniques. It discusses the methods that can be used to detect internal electrical faults in a DFIG stator, rotor, or both. A novel sorting technique is presented which takes into consideration different parameters such as fault location, detection technique, and DFIG modelling. The main mathematical representation used to detect these faults is presented to allow an easier and faster under standing of each method. In addition, a comparison is carried out in every section to illustrate the main differences, advantages, and disadvantages of every method and/or model. Some real monitoring systems available in the market are presented. Finally, recommendations for the challenges, future work, and main gaps in the field of internal faults in a DFIG are presented. This review is organized in a tutorial manner, to be an effective guide for future research for enhancing the reliability of DFIG-based WTs.     

A new approach for low voltage ride through capability in DFIG based wind farm

Protection against voltage dips is very important for transient stability in a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). Conventional crowbar circuits have been used for protection of DFIGs; however, they may be insufficient in some transient situations. Therefore, the Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) capability was enhanced by a Demagnetization Current Controller (DCC) for the purpose of transient analysis. In addition, both stator and rotor circuit electromotive forces were modeled in a DFIG. The performances of the DFIG models with and without the DCC were compared. Modeling was carried out in a MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. A comparison of system behaviors was made between three-phase faults with and without a stator–rotor dynamic. Parameters for the DFIG including output voltage, speed, electrical torque variations and d–q axis rotor–stator current variations in addition to a 34.5 kV bus voltage were examined. It was found that in the DFIG model the system became stable in a short time when using the DCC.     

Fixed-order loop shaping robust controller design for parametric models to damp inter-area oscillations

The inter-area oscillations are common in power systems and can occur due to the changes in the load or generating power especially in long transmission lines. This paper presents the design of a robust fixed-order loop shaping controller to damp out the inter-area oscillations and to enhance the stability of the power system. The proposed loop shaping method is based on the shaping of the open-loop transfer function in the Nyquist diagram through minimizing the quadratic error between the actual and the desired open loop transfer functions in the frequency domain. The proposed method is robust with respect to multi-model uncertainty. Despite other robust controller design methods, the proposed approach deals with the entire system i.e. there is no need to reduce the system and still leads to a lower order controller. In addition, most of the robust methods are heavily dependent on selecting some weight filters which is not required in the proposed approach. This method is applied to the two-area four-machine system and 68 bus system and the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method in damping inter-area oscillations are validated using case studies.     

Multi objective load frequency control using hybrid bacterial foraging and particle swarm optimized PI controller

Excessive load demand with reliability in power availability, demands for interconnection of large number of generating units over existing tie lines. Due to sudden change in demand, the power transfer over existing tie lines working close to their thermal limits results in low frequency power oscillations. Thus, in modern power systems the study of mitigation of these frequency oscillations is more involved and formulates the area of Load Frequency Control (LFC). Many conventional and heuristic control techniques have been recently applied to address the issue of LFC. This paper investigates load frequency control of large interconnected power system consisting of conventional and renewable energy sources, using hybrid heuristic approach. The proposed strategy is shown to result in improved system damping resulting in faster mitigation of low frequency oscillations.     

双馈风电机组附加控制对轴系振荡影响的评估方法

为消除绝对特征值灵敏度指标中参数量纲的影响,同时计及风速的概率分布特性对特征值灵敏度排序的影响,提出了一种累积相对特征值灵敏度(CRES)指标及其计算方法,并基于该指标定量评估了双馈风电机组附加控制(有功功率调制、虚拟惯性控制、下降控制、无功功率调制和机端电压控制)对机组本身轴系振荡阻尼的影响。CRES本质上是相对特征值灵敏度的加权和。通过引入相对特征值灵敏度消除了参数量纲的影响;在此基础上,按照转子运行状态将风速划分为若干区间,以平均风速作为该区间的典型风速,以风速落入该区间的概率作为该区间典型风速下计算所得相对特征值灵敏度的权重。时域仿真结果表明:基于CRES指标能有效地确定不同类型附加控制中影响轴系振荡阻尼的关键参数,通过对关键参数的重新整定可显著减小附加控制器对轴系振荡的不利影响和降低其对传动轴系统的转矩冲击。     

基于Crowbar保护的双馈感应发电机暂态特性与参数设计

双馈风力发电系统中,Crowbar(撬棒)仍是实现低电压穿越的常用方案之一,传统的分析方法忽略了定、转子磁链间的耦合,会带来较大的分析误差并遗漏一些暂态特性。从双馈感应发电机的数学模型出发,通过分析端口电压发生对称跌落、投入Crowbar后双馈感应发电机的暂态过程,推导出了定子磁链、定子电流、转子电流的解析表达式,并在表达式的基础上分析了各暂态量的幅值和变化规律等特性。在MATLAB/Simulink中建立了双馈感应发电机的仿真模型,结果证明了表达式的准确性。从复杂的数学表达式中抽离出Crowbar阻值与暂态特性的关系,分析了不同的Crowbar阻值对于故障期间系统的功率、电磁转矩的影响,并结合转子电流峰值计算及直流母线电压钳位效应的限制,给出了一种Crowbar电阻取值方案,该方案将有助于实际工程中选取合适的Crowbar参数。     

双馈风电机组接入地区电网后的电压稳定分析

利用PSASP软件的UPI接口程序模块．在PSASP中建立了双馈风电机组模型,以两个实际的地区电网为例,研究双馈风电机组接入地区电网后对电网电压的影响,结果表明：双馈风电机组提高了地区电网的静态电压水平：双馈风电机组在故障后能够减少系统所需的无功储备,从而有利于地区电网的电压稳定;风速的波动对地区电网的电压有影响,但一般不会影响其暂态稳定性。     

Modelling–based approach for digital control design for nonlinear WECS in the power system

The case has been established that the wind power plant must be treated as an integral part of the electric system, thereby constituting the wind energy conversion system. Recent advancement in size and technology of wind turbines requires sophisticated control systems to effectively optimize energy conversion and enhance grid integration. As a first step toward controller design, modelling has become a prerequisite. This paper explores controller design based on modelling the wind speed as a stochastic process, and the wind turbine as a multi‐mass system with a soft shaft linking the turbine with the doubly fed induction generator. A control strategy incorporating a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) that relies on state estimation for full‐state feedback is proposed to augment a linear controller for generator torque control. The control objectives are to reduce stresses on the drivetrain and to ensure operation geared toward optimal power conversion. This study focuses on above‐rated wind speeds, and the LQG's main purpose is to add damping to the drivetrain, thereby minimizing cyclic fatigue, while a pitch control mechanism prevents rotor overspeed, thereby maintaining rated power. Simulations show the efficacy of the proposed paradigm in meeting the control objectives. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.