利用微卫星标记分析核盘菌遗传多样性

利用微卫星（SSR）标记,分析来自欧洲和中国的30个核盘菌菌株的遗传多样性和群体结构。结果表明,3对微卫星引物共扩增出21条清晰的谱带,平均每对引物扩增7条谱带,片段长度为158bp～358bp。根据SSR分析结果,30个核盘菌分离物具有较高的遗传相似性。物种水平的Nei遗传多样性指数为0.139 3,Shannon多样性指数为0.248 8。不同菌株群体的Nei遗传距离都较小,为0.009 6～0.049 6。其中俄罗斯群体和奥地利及英国群体之间的遗传距离最大。从30个菌株的UPGMA聚类分析结果看,核盘菌群体结构与地理来源没有明显的直接关系。许多地理来源相同的菌株分散在不同的组里。仅第三组组内的菌株地理来源一致,均来自于中国,且遗传距离比其他菌株的远。群体遗传分析显示,总群体的基因流比较高（2.111 6）,基因分化系数比较低（0.191 5）。     

西方古典家具史论（九）：欧洲的专制主义时代及其巴罗克风格家具（上）

从16世纪末期到17世纪初期,整个欧洲的艺术风格进入巴罗克时代。巴罗克(Baroque)风格以浪漫主义精神作为形式设计的出发点,它虽然脱胎于文艺复兴时代的艺术形式,但却有其独特的艺术风格。它追求宏伟、生动、热情、奔放的艺术效果,以浪漫的风格和秀丽委婉的造型表现出运动中的抒情趣味。欧洲的巴罗克风格虽起源于16世纪的意大利,但它却在法国、英国、德国等国家得到成长,尤以法国路易十四时期的巴罗克家具最负盛名,成为巴罗克家具的典范。     

西方古典家具史论（九）：欧洲的专制主义时代及其巴罗克风格家具（下）

从16世纪末期到17世纪初期,整个欧洲的艺术风格进入巴罗克时代。巴罗克(Baroque)风格以浪漫主义精神作为形式设计的出发点, 它虽然脱胎于文艺复兴时代的艺术形式,但却有其独特的艺术风格。它追求宏伟、生动、热情、奔放的艺术效果,以浪漫的风格和秀丽委婉的造型表现出运动中的抒情趣味。欧洲的巴罗克风格虽起源于16世纪的意大利,但它却在法国、英国、德国等国家得到成长,尤以法国路易十四时期的巴罗克家具最负盛名,成为巴罗克家具的典范。     

FHUDS-2/FHUDS-5组合催化剂在镇海炼化300万t/a柴油加氢装置的应用

介绍了由抚顺石油化工研究院(FRIPP)开发的FHUDS-2/FHUDS-5柴油深度加氢组合催化剂在镇海炼化新建300万t/a柴油加氢装置上的工业应用情况.应用结果表明:FHUDS-2/FHUDS-5催化剂组合具有良好的加氢脱硫活性和稳定性,在高空速条件下加工直馏柴油和45％左右的催化柴油、减压柴油的混合油,可以长周期稳定生产符合沪Ⅳ硫含量排放标准要求的清洁柴油产品.同时,能够加工以直馏柴油为原料生产符合欧V排放标准要求的清洁柴油产品.     

Enhancing the carbon sink in European agricultural soils: including trace gas fluxes in estimates of carbon mitigation potential

The possibility that the carbon sink in agricultural soils can be enhanced has taken on great political significance since the Kyoto Protocol was finalised in December 1997. The Kyoto Protocol allows carbon emissions to be offset by demonstrable removal of carbon from the atmosphere. Thus, forestry activities (Article 3.3) and changes in the use of agricultural soils (Article 3.4) that are shown to reduce atmospheric CO₂levels may be included in the Kyoto emission reduction targets. The European Union is committed to a reduction in CO₂ emissions to 92% of baseline (1990) levels during the first commitment period (2008–2012). We have shown recently that there are a number of agricultural land-management changes that show some potential to increase the carbon sink in agricultural soils and others that allow alternative forms of carbon mitigation (i.e. through fossil fuel substitution), but the options differ greatly in their potential for carbon mitigation. The changes examined were, (a) switching all animal manure use to arable land, (b) applying all sewage sludge to arable land, (c) incorporating all surplus cereal straw, (d) conversion to no-till agriculture, (e) use of surplus arable land to de-intensify 1/3 of current intensive crop production (through use of 1/3 grass/arable rotations), (f) use of surplus arable land to allow natural woodland regeneration, and (g) use of surplus arable land for bioenergy crop production. In this paper, we attempt for the first time to assess other (non-CO₂) effects of these land-management changes on (a) the emission of the other important agricultural greenhouse gases, methane and nitrous oxide, and (b) other aspects of the ecology of the agroecosystems. We find that the relative importance of trace gas fluxes varies enormously among the scenarios. In some such as the sewage sludge, woodland regeneration and bioenergy production scenarios, the inclusion of trace gases makes only a small (<10%) difference to the CO₂-C mitigation potential. In other cases, for example the no-till, animal manure and agricultural de-intensification scenarios, trace gases have a large impact, sometimes halving or more than doubling the CO₂-C mitigation potential. The scenarios showing the greatest increase when including trace gases are those in which manure management changes significantly. In the one scenario (no-till) where the carbon mitigation potential was reduced greatly, a small increase in methane oxidation was outweighed by a sharp increase in N₂O emissions. When these land-management options are combined to examine the whole agricultural land area of Europe, most of the changes in mitigation potential are small, but depending upon assumptions for the animal manure scenario, the total mitigation potential either increases by about 20% or decreases by about 10%, shifting the mitigation potential of the scenario from just above the EU's 8% Kyoto emission reduction target (98.9 Tg C y⁻¹) to just below it. Our results suggest that (a) trace gas fluxes may change the mitigation potential of a land management option significantly and should always be considered alongside CO₂-C mitigation potentials and (b) agricultural management options show considerable potential for carbon mitigation even after accounting for trace gas fluxes. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Status and perspectives of renewable energy policy and deployment in the European Union—What is needed to reach the 2020 targets?

This article evaluates the status of current RES deployment, policies and barriers in the EU-27 member states and compares it to the required to meet the 2020 targets. The evaluation relies strongly on the quantitative deployment status and policy effectiveness indicators. European RES deployment and policy has progressed strongly in recent years, but the growth here has been mainly driven by effective policies in a small or medium number of top runner countries. Across Europe, the highest average policy effectiveness over six years was reached for onshore wind (4.2%), biofuels (3.6%) and biomass electricity (2.7%), while in the heat sector, all technologies score below 2%. Comparing the recent progress to the required growth for meeting the 2020 target, it appears that some countries largely exceed the interim targets of the RES Directive 2009/28/EC. Despite this, Europe will need additional policy effort to reach the 2020 target. Critical success factors include implementing effective and efficient policies that attract sufficient investments, reducing administrative and grid related barriers, especially in currently less advanced countries, upgrading the power grid infrastructure, dismantling financial barriers in the heat sector, realising sustainability standards for biomass, and lowering energy demand through increased energy efficiency efforts.     

Pan-European landscapes

As a supplement to the western European typology from Landscape and Urban Planning, 18 (3–4): 289–352 (Meeus et al., 1990), a survey is made of the landscapes of northern and eastern Europe. Thirty landscapes are identified on a continental scale. This pan-European landscape typology is based on the integration of landscape formation factors. The basis for a regionally differentiated geography, morphology and scenery of the man-made landscape is provided by land form, soil and climate on the one hand and regional culture, habits and history on the other. This typology can be used as a reference for a discussion about the actual appearance of the landscape. The map of European landscapes is only a reconnaissance and is therefore not intended as a blueprint for action, but rather as a way of looking at landscape heterogeneity, a set of principles to stimulate the discussion of landscape development throughout the continent.