Copper–4,4′-dipyridyl coordination compound as solid reagent for spectrophotometric determination of reducing sugar employing a multicommutation approach

In this work a multicommuted flow system employing copper–4,4′- dipyridyl coordination compound as the solid-phase reagent for the spectrophotometric determination of reducing sugar was developed. The coordination compound was synthesized through a reaction of the 4,4′-dipyridyl and copper (II) nitrate, under hydrothermal conditions. The complex was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), power X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Based on the characterization, a multicommuted spectrophotometric procedure for the determination of reducing sugar using copper (II) complex as solid reagent is proposed. The proposed method was based on the redox reaction between a monosaccharide, such as fructose and glucose (reducing sugar) and Cu(II). This reaction, mediated in an alkaline medium, produces a yellow compound that can be determined by absorption electronic spectroscopy (λ_ABS = 420 nm). Under optimum experimental conditions, a linear response ranging from 1.0 to 20.0 g L⁻¹ (R = 0.9978 and n = 5), a detection (3σ criterion) and quantification (10σ criterion) limit estimated at 0.23 and 0.75 g L⁻¹, respectively, a standard deviation relative of 4.7% (n = 7), for a reference solution of 10.0 g L⁻¹ reducing sugar, and a sampling rate of 75 determinations per hour were achieved. The proposed system was applied to the determination of reducing sugars in coconut water and juices. The analysis of ten samples and the application of the t-test to the results found, and those obtained using reference procedures (AOAC), provided no significant differences at a 95% confidence level. This system enabled the analysis of reducing sugar with ease and simplicity, providing a significant economy of the solid reagent (600 μg per determination) and reducing effluent generation.     

环境中污染源废气检测方法及影响因素分析

对污染源废气监测原理进行了简单分析,阐述了当前我国常用的环境中污染源废气检测方法,并对废气检测影响因素及质量控制进行了深入探究。     

Reduction mechanism of tioglycolic acid on keratin fibers using microspectrophotometry and FT-Raman spectroscopy

In order to investigate the reduction mechanism of thioglycolic acid (TG) on the keratin fibers, cross-sectional samples of white human hair treated with TG were prepared. The heterogeneous reaction between TG and keratin fibers involving the diffusion of TG into human hair was analyzed at the molecular level using microspectrophotometry and FT-Raman spectroscopy. The diffusion of TG into human hair clearly increased by increasing the treatment time and by raising pH. The TG relative concentration and the disconnected relative concentration of disulfide (–SS–) groups at various depths of the hair samples with pH 9.0 were in good agreement, indicating that the reaction rate (the disconnection of –SS– groups) was faster than the diffusion rate of TG into human hair. From these experiments, we demonstrated that TG diffuses gradually beyond the cuticle region, and toward the inside of the cortex region along with the disconnection of –SS– groups.     

Corrosion behaviour of low-Si alloyed steels in neutral reducing conditions at 90 °C

Electrochemical investigations on low-Si alloyed steels with Si content ranging from 0.25 to 3.2 wt.% were carried out in a 0.1 M NaCl borate-buffered solution (pH 8.4) in reducing conditions at 90 °C. Silicon as an alloying element was proved to degrade at first the steel ability to passivate. For longer immersion times, protective effects developed more efficiently on the steel containing 3.2 wt.% silicon. Passive layers electrochemically formed in the transpassive domain on the steel containing 3.2% Si were shown to be significantly different from those grown at rest potential.     

Burner Performance Evaluation Using Test Code

Development of new burner technology is common practice nowadays. Standardized test codes are available to conduct tests to determine operating characteristics and thermal performance of different parts of steam generating units. This paper describes the results of testing performed to evaluate thermal efficiency of a 74.5?kW fire-tube steam generator fired with a new premixed flame burner in comparison to a typical standard-retrofit diffusion flame burner system. Two premixed flame burners sized at 7.6 and 10.1?cm were tested. Testing was performed in accordance with the ASME PTC 4.1 Power Test Code. The evaluation was conducted in the range of small- to mid-sized, natural gas-fired applications, from 1.06?to?2.64×106?kJ/h. The environmental nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions performance was also compared for both burner technologies. The results of this evaluation indicate that firing the test boiler with the 7.6?cm new burner slightly improves unit thermal efficiency by 4.0–3.3% for a unit load ranging from approximately 1.06?to?1.79×106?kJ/h, respectively. Operation with the 10.1?cm new burner improves the thermal efficiency by approximately 1.6% at 2.32×106?kJ/h. The uncertainty in the measurements used in the efficiency calculations should account for approximately ±1.5% uncertainty in the reported gross efficiency. Reductions in NOx emissions of the order of 10% resulted from operation with the new premixed flame burners.     

On-line emission and economic load dispatch using adaptive Hopfield neural network

This paper presents an adaptive Hopfield neural network (AHNN) based methodology, where the slope of the activation function is adjusted, for finding approximate Pareto solutions for the multi-objective optimization problem of emission and economic load dispatch (EELD). We have placed emphasis on finding solutions quickly, rather than the global Pareto solutions, so that our algorithm can be employed in large on-line power systems where variations in load are quite frequent. To enable faster convergence, adaptive learning rates have been developed by using energy function and applied to the slope adjustment method. The proposed algorithm has been tested on selected IEEE bus benchmark systems. The convergence of AHNN is found to be nearly 50% faster than the non-adaptive version.     

图像奇异值特征矢量缩放不变性分析及应用

图像奇异值特征矢量以其稳定性和它在转置、平移、旋转和镜像变换下具有的不变性,被认为是一种图像的代数特征,广泛应用于图像匹配和图像识别。通过矩阵运算,证明了奇异值特征矢量在图像做缩放变换时具有不变性,并将这种性质运用于图像匹配。实验结果表明这种不变性与奇异值特征矢量在图像做转置、平移、旋转和镜像变换时所具有的不变性一样,是奇异值特征矢量能够作为图像代数特征的一个重要依据。     

镧系钙钛矿型氧化物（LaBO3）的催化氧化性能及其净化效果的研究

本文在气相色谱仪联用微反应器装置上,研究了LaBO_3型催化剂中的B位元素对催化氧化活性的影响规律,并进行了程序升温脱附实验。另外,还对LaBO_3型载体催化剂进行了活性筛选,并在柴油机台架上与贵金属Pt/Al_2O_3进行了有害气体净化效果的对比实验。实验结果表明,LaBO_3氧化物中LaMnO_3对CO、CH_4的催化氧化活性最高,且CO、CH_4活性中心并不一致。LaMnO_3/γ-Al_2O_3浸渍微量助化剂后,能使CO在130℃完全氧化,CH_4的氧化温度在300～500℃范围内,LaMnO_3载体催化剂对柴油机有害排放物的净化率很低,浸渍微量助化剂后,净化率提高一倍以上,特别是LaMnO_3/堇青石蜂窝陶瓷,浸渍后的净化效果同贵金属Pt/Al_2O_3接近。     

场发射显示器件中真空获得和维持工艺的改进

真空的获得和维持是目前FED研究工作中存在的主要困难之一。本文研究了在现有的传统封接排气以及消气工艺的实验条件下 ,进行了多种工艺改进 :设计了一种新型的三层FED器件结构 ,在这种结构中 ,实现了蒸散型消气剂和非蒸散型消气剂的共同使用 ;并采用了气体保护 ,以及电子轰击去气等有效措施 ,实现了FED器件内部持久的高真空度 ,为FED阴极高稳定、长寿命工作提供了有力的保障     

An integrated system of biological and catalytic oxidation for the removal of o-xylene from exhaust

Biofiltration is an efficient technology for treatment of gaseous waste. Its disadvantages, however, include large volume of bioreactor and slow adaptation to fluctuating concentrations in waste gas. Catalytic oxidation offers a high destructive efficiency at relatively low operating temperature and small unit. A bench scale system integrated with a biofilter and a catalytic oxidation unit for the treatment of gases containing o-xylene was investigated in this study. The catalytic oxidation unit was packed with Cu/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The results showed that 90% of o-xylene could be removed in the biofilter at the load below 38.2 g m⁻³ h⁻¹. High o-xylene concentration in inlet gas resulted in an overload of the biofilter. Using the Cu/Al₂O₃ catalytic oxidation unit, the concentration of o-xylene could be reduced evidently. The combination of the chemical and microbial processes not only led to a high and stable efficiency of o-xylene conversion, but also improved capacity resisting the shock loads. The Cu/Al₂O₃ was studied for o-xylene oxidation in temperature range of 90–320 °C. The o-xylene conversion was improved correspondingly with the increasing of oxidation temperature. The reaction mechanism of o-xylene oxidation on Cu/Al₂O₃ was also investigated using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS).