Modelling the impact of energy taxation

Energy taxation in Sweden is complicated and strongly guides and governs district energy production. Consequently, there is a need for methods for accurate calculation and analysis of effects that different energy tax schemes may have on district energy utilities. Here, a practicable method to analyse influence of such governmental policy measures is demonstrated. The Swedish Government has for some years now been working on a reform of energy taxation, and during this process, several interest groups have expressed their own proposals for improving and developing the system of energy taxation. Together with the present system of taxation, four new alternatives, including the proposed directive of the European Commission, are outlined in the paper. In a case study, an analysis is made of how the different tax alternatives may influence the choice of profitable investments and use of energy carriers in a medium‐sized district‐heating utility. The calculations are made with a linear‐programming model framework. By calculating suitable types and sizes of new investments, if any, and the operation of existing and potential plants, total energy costs are minimized. Results of the analysis include the most profitable investments, which fuel should be used, roughly when during a year plants should be in operation, and at what output. In most scenarios, the most profitable measure is to invest in a waste incineration plant. However, a crucial assumption is, with reference to the new Swedish waste disposal act, a significant income from incinerating refuse. Without this income, different tax schemes result in different technical solutions being most profitable. An investment in cogeneration seems possible in only one scenario. It is also found that particular features of some alternatives seem to oppose both main governmental policy goals, and intentions of the district heating company. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

From hospital to municipal cogeneration systems: an Italian case study

A mixed integer linear programming model combined with a more traditional design by scenarios is proposed to optimize facilities size and operation mode of a municipal energy system involving significant civil centres and a hospital. Moving from the need of a new heat and power station for the local hospital due to the construction of new pavilions, the opportunity of involving other centres in the neighbourhood in a distributed cogeneration system is analysed, increasing system complexity step by step. Smaller cogeneration units tailored to hospital needs are rewarding ventures with relatively low risks but, in a country whose traditional power generation systems heavily rely on fossil fuels and where energy policy and market conditions can make it profitable to sell surplus power, district heating systems foster the installation of larger cogenerators and lead thereby to higher profits and to better performance as for primary energy savings and greenhouse gases emission reduction. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于热电联产的汽轮机组油膜振荡故障诊断系统设计

常规振荡故障诊断系统,采集振荡信号噪声较大,导致诊断的故障类别信任度较低。针对这一问题,提出基于热电联产的汽轮机组油膜振荡故障诊断系统。耦合热电联产生产方式,循环汽轮机组多余排汽,通过排汽热量增加系统发电量完成硬件设计;采用小波包降噪算法,消除采集振荡信号噪声,分解信号各个时刻和频带,排序频带内时域子信号能量值,构成故障信号特征向量,输入神经网络,训练后输出振荡故障诊断模式完成软件设计。采集满负荷、最小负荷、噪声条件下的油膜振荡信号,设置对比实验,结果表明,所设计系统提高了故障诊断信任度,故障诊断结果更为准确可靠。     

考虑可平移负荷的综合能源系统动态优化调度策略

综合能源系统因多能互补、协调优化等特性受到了广泛关注,但该系统的热电机组在运行时的调峰能力具有一定局限性。为降低综合能源系统的用能成本,提升系统的用能效率,改善其调峰能力,文中提出了一种考虑可平移负荷的综合能源系统动态优化调度策略。该策略以系统的整体运维成本最小化为目标,结合可平移负荷和相关算例构建仿真模型,并采用自适应混沌粒子群算法进行求解。结果表明在引入可平移负荷时,多能源微网能够较好地达到削峰填谷目的,并降低系统综合运行成本,实现节能减排效果。同时,文中将传统粒子群算法与自适应混沌粒子群算法作比较,证明了自适应混沌粒子群算法在精度与效率上都优于传统的粒子群算法。     

高低压旁路改造技术在热电联产机组灵活性改造中的应用实践

为主动适应促进清洁能源消纳政策,提高机组供热期深度调峰能力和供热能力,某区域电网对某公司热电联产机组开展了高低压旁路技术改造。旁路技术改造的应用,彻底解决了该公司机组“以热定电”传统运行方式造成的供暖期调峰能力不足的难题,保证了机组全采暖期、全时域参与电网深度调峰,提高了调峰辅助服务补偿收益。     

以总能系统观点与用热终端高效化为特征的大中型火电机组联产供热系统新模式

以总能系统观点为指导,本文把联产供热系统视为由六个子系统组成,提出了各子系统火用效率的计算方法和这些效率对供热煤耗和成本的影响,并在此基础上提出了能适用于大中型火电机组的热电联产供热系统的新模式。新模式以用热终端高效化为特征,带动提高一系列子系统的火用效率,并把行之有效的,但一般是小规模孤立使用的现代化节能技术与节能设备,大规模地有机地与热电联产系统融为一体,扩大热网水的降温幅度,对热网水低品位能量进行梯级利用,形成采暖节能与增供电力相互促进相得益彰的机制,使联产供热的煤耗和供热成本大幅度地降低。文中结合世界技术现状和我国经济发展阶段分析了新模式的现实可行性。     

汽气共生热电气联产技术的研究

本文介绍了一种汽气共生热电气三联产新工艺．该工艺是以现有循环流化床技术为基础，集燃烧和气化工艺于一体，能同时产生民用煤气、蒸汽、电力．在小型热态试验以架上进行的一系列试验已成功地证实了该技术的可行性．在此基础上，一台蒸汽产量为７５ｔ／ｈ的热电气三联产装置已完成设计，正在实施之中．     

供热机组蒸汽氢电导率升高的原因及治理措施

通过对太原第一热电厂除盐水和15号机组的蒸汽品质参数的检测分析,找到了机组蒸汽氢电导率升高的原因,是锅炉补充水中有机物含量偏高;提出了解决此问题的措施,即增加反渗透膜处理设备。改造后检测结果表明:该措施是有效的。     

微型燃气轮机冷热电联产系统运行模式研究

介绍了微型燃气轮机及分布式发电／能源系统的技术特点及其应用场合和发展现状，对微型燃气轮机冷热电联产系统的多种方案进行了研究。根据实际负荷曲线，设计了100kW级微型燃气轮机的冷热电联产系统，并对其在各种负荷下的系统匹配、运行方式等进行了讨论。通过计算和分析，给出了微型燃气轮机冷热电联产系统在不同运行方式下的热经济性和技术经济性的比较结果。     

中小城镇多能源热电联供系统演化博弈分析

为解决中小城镇能耗高、能效低、经济承受力差等问题,促进中小城镇能源建设安全、经济和环保多目标协同发展,基于演化博弈理论,将能源建设多目标协同发展问题转化为寻求热电联供系统清洁低碳、安全高效的策略均衡问题。首先构建传统能源和新能源灰进化博弈模型,计算模型鞍点,寻求最优稳态均衡区域,分析影响均衡演化的因素,促进多能合作。其次,在多能合作的基础上,政府监管部门、供能商和用户作为博弈参与者,以安全可靠、高效经济和清洁环保为整体目标构建博弈模型,求取整体目标最优策略。最后以某县城为例进行多能合作和系统升级演化策略选择,支付总和不断降低,表明整体目标不断趋近最优;参与者概率分布越均衡,合作越稳定。