Exploring the feasibility of green hydrogen production using excess energy from a country-scale 100% solar-wind renewable energy system

When planning large-scale 100% renewable energy systems (RES) for the year 2050, the system capacity is usually oversized for better supply-demand matching of electrical energy since solar and wind resources are highly intermittent. This causes excessive excess energy that is typically dissipated, curtailed, or sold directly. The public literature shows a lack of studies on the feasibility of using this excess for country-scale co-generation. This study presents the first investigation of utilizing this excess to generate green hydrogen gas. The concept is demonstrated for Jordan using three solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, and hybrid PV-wind RESs, all equipped with Lithium-Ion battery energy storage systems (ESSs), for hydrogen production using a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) system. The results show that the PV-based system has the highest demand-supply fraction (>99%). However, the wind-based system is more favorable economically, with installed RES, ESS, and PEM capacities of only 23.88 GW, 2542 GWh, and 20.66 GW. It also shows the highest hydrogen annual production rate (172.1 × 10³ tons) and the lowest hydrogen cost (1.082 USD/kg). The three systems were a better option than selling excess energy directly, where they ensure annual incomes up to 2.68 billion USD while having payback periods of as low as 1.78 years. Furthermore, the hydrogen cost does not exceed 2.03 USD/kg, which is significantly lower than the expected cost of hydrogen (3 USD/kg) produced using energy from fossil fuel-based systems in 2050.     

Energy parameters of a solar car for Jordan

All parameters related to car energy were investigated in this work, and the power basics of a car design powered by solar energy are laid down. Year-round weather conditions, car weight, road roughness and road inclination were taken as variable parameters used to calculate the car speed and working hours (year round). Fixed parameters taken for the design were: a photovoltaic generator area of 6 m², car length of 5 m, car width of 1.8 m and maximum power output of 480 W/person with a maximum of two persons. These parameters depended on the regulations of “Tour de Sol '91”. Calculations depended on Amman weather conditions. Sixteen ASI 16-200 ARCO SOLAR INC. model photovoltaic modules were used, with three DELCO 1150 lead acid batteries connected to a permanent magnet DC motor of 0.8 hp. This car can run at different speeds 3–6 hours/day on 200 days/year.     

渐变填充的性质和算法

本文着重研究了Jordan数字流形上的渐变填充,设计了紧缩渐变填充算法和分裂渐变填充算法;并证明:如果D是离散网格空间上的Jordan凸集,那么存在O(|D||D|)时间的紧缩算法去做渐变填充.最后,我们对Jordan正方形区域、三角域和圆盘,分别给出了它们各自的O(|D|log_2|D|)时间的分裂渐变填充算法.     

Study of a Class of Almost‐controllable Discrete‐time Bilinear Systems

This paper studies the controllability of a class of time‐invariant discrete‐time bilinear systems. Although the system is not controllable in the whole space, there is a very large region where control is effective. Results show that the uncontrollable region of this kind of bilinear system has a Lebesgue measure of zero. In other words, for almost any initial state and any terminal state in the state space, the former can be transferred to the latter. Further, a necessary condition for near controllability is presented. Therefore, the results in this paper unify and generalize the corresponding conclusions in the literature. ©2014 Chinese Automatic Control Society and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd     

A local construction of the Smith normal form of a matrix polynomial

We present an algorithm for computing a Smith form with multipliers of a regular matrix polynomial over a field. This algorithm differs from previous ones in that it computes a local Smith form for each irreducible factor in the determinant separately and then combines them into a global Smith form, whereas other algorithms apply a sequence of unimodular row and column operations to the original matrix. The performance of the algorithm in exact arithmetic is reported for several test cases.     

Connected sum of digital closed surfaces

During the past 20 years the research of digital surfaces has proceeded to find their properties in the digital space Zⁿ, such as a topological number, a simple k-point, the 3D-Jordan theorem, a k-separating set, a boundary detecting algorithm and so on. Actually, unlike surfaces in a continuous space, the features of digital surfaces have different characteristics. The aim of this paper is to introduce the notion of a digital closed k-surface in Zⁿ, n ? 3, with the general k-adjacency relations as a generalization of Malgouyres’ and Morgenthaler’s k-surfaces in Z³, to establish some minimal simple closed k-surfaces in Z³ and to find their digital topological properties in relation with the k-fundamental group and k-contractibility. Moreover, a connected sum of two digital closed surfaces is introduced and its digital topological properties are investigated.     

Water Balance of the Upper Jordan River Basin

Sharing water in the Jordan basin has been a key topic in the recent peace talks between Israel and its neighbors. Knowing the quantity of water available is a prerequisite to water sharing. Many different values have been published in recent years. Different sources report Jordan's discharge flow into Lake Kinneret anywhere from 460 to 800 Mm³/year. The aim of this article is to present a water balance for the Jordan basin for a 15-year period. The years 1977–1978 to 1991–1992 were studied for the basin's water budget, as they represent the present day (1998) land use. The results show that Lake Kinneret has a yearly average input (= output) of 770 Mm³. Israel uses some 800 Mcm³/year from the entire Jordan basin, of which 440 Mm³ is used within the basin and the rest outside. There is about 100 Mm³ for future utilization in the watershed. The yearly Jordan's discharge to the Dead Sea is 220–250 Mm³. Reporting by various secondary data sources is compared to primary data findings to illustrate the great variability of data reporting and to provide annual flow estimates, based largely on primary sources, for the Upper Jordan River.     

Impacts of Global Climate Change Scenarios on Water Supply and Demand in Jordan

Abstract

The potential impact of global climate change is one of the least addressed factors in water resources planning in developing countries. The potential impacts of climate change are examined for Jordan, where a methodology is presented for improved management of water demand under the uncertainties associated with climate change. A temperature/precipitation sensitivity model is constructed and combined with water demand forecasts to project deficits for the year 2020. Deficit reducing options are then evaluated in terms of social and economic viability. The study concludes that only some of the deficits may be alleviated, illustrating the significance of considering climate change in planning for countries that already experience water imbalances.     

The contingent role of dependency in predicting the intention to adopt B2B e-commerce

ABSTRACT

A review of existing Electronic Commerce adoption literature reveals that the prevailing theoretical frameworks implicitly assume that organizations are independent and have complete control over their decisions to adopt innovations. Given the fact that organizations are often constrained by and depend on their environment and exchange partners to survive, this paper proposes that Resource Dependency can either be a facilitator or inhibitor of the role of Technological, Organizational, and Environmental (TOE) motivating factors. Using 239 valid responses from supply chain managers in Jordan, the study found partial support for the role of Resource Dependency as a moderator. The findings provide insights on how Resource Dependency between partners drives different patterns of innovation acceptance among potential adopters, regardless of several technological and organizational motivations to innovate. The results suggest that predicting how innovation is diffused within a market needs a detailed understanding of the inter-dependence structure among the supply chain members.