光纤布拉格光栅传感技术在隧道火灾监测中的应用研究

针对公路隧道存在潜在的火灾问题,提出一种利用环氧树脂封装而成的光纤布拉格光栅传感器对隧道火灾进行监测,分析了其基本原理及温度传感特性,实验结果表明封装后的光纤光栅的温度传感灵敏度约是裸光栅的2.75倍.再利用光纤光栅多区波分复用技术,设计了一套基于光纤布拉格光栅传感技术的隧道火灾报警监测系统.结合现场模拟监测实验,证明该系统灵敏度高、数据准确,能够对隧道火灾报警方位进行精确判断,为隧道火灾的预警和救灾赢得时间.     

Modeling HCCI combustion: Modification of a multi-zone model and comparison to experimental results at varying boost pressure

The present study presents a comparison of the results obtained from a modified HCCI multi-zone model to experimental measurements, at different load and boost pressure conditions. The multi-zone model includes a modified sub-model for the wall heat transfer and accounts for the heat transfer between zones. Gas mixing between cold and hot regions of the combustion chamber, which is of major importance for the emissions formation, is also accounted for throughout compression, combustion and expansion. Combustion is modeled using a reduced set of chemical reactions coupled with a chemical kinetics solver. A refined zone configuration near the combustion chamber wall was used, in order to obtain a high resolution at the emissions formation regions. The pressure traces and emissions of nine experimental cases were compared to the multi-zone model results. In these cases the equivalence ratio and the boost pressure were varied, while maintaining constant engine speed. The results show adequate agreement with the pressure traces. The emissions trends are also adequately captured, with the absolute values presenting some deviation from the experimental cases especially for the HC and CO emissions at the relatively low air-fuel equivalence ratios.     

CMP承载器的初步研究

在CMP中,由于抛光垫在与其接触的晶圆边缘产生异常压力点,以及转台和承载器旋转的线速度之差在边缘处较其他点大得多,从而导致了晶圆边缘效应的产生。阐述了承载器在CMP中的作用,详细分析了边缘效应产生的原因和克服的方法。在承载器上采用与晶圆保持适当间隙的保持环结构,对保持环施加适当的压力,使保持环和晶圆位于同一抛光平面上;针对旋转式CMP设备固有的线速度之差导致片内非均匀性增大的问题,对200mm晶圆划分两区域进行微压力补偿,同时详细说明了压力补偿气路的设计和实现的功能,指出今后多区域微压力补偿将采用矩阵控制技术。     

450 mm晶圆CMP设备技术现状与展望

分析化学机械平坦化(CMP)耗材发展现状及趋势,推断450 mm晶圆的CMP设备及技术的迫切性;在此基础上,展望450 mm晶圆将会采用系统集成技术、多区域压力控制承载器技术、抛光垫修整技术、终点检测技术、后清洗技术,并初步分析以上这些技术的特点。最后指出随着晶圆制造厂激烈竞争和持续投资,对450 mm的CMP设备要求必有所突破。     

直喷式柴油机NO_x和碳烟的预测

本文以直喷式柴油机喷油燃烧过程现象学描述为基础，建立了柴油机准维多区燃烧模型，用以预测直喷式柴油机的NOx和碳烟量，计算结果与实测数据比较接近．     

Effects of particle sizes on performances of the multi-zone steam generator using waste heat in a bio-oil steam reforming hydrogen production system

Hydrogen production by bio-oil steam reforming is an advanced production technology. It is a good method of coupling waste heat utilization with bio-oil steam reforming to produce hydrogen, which increases the cleaning ability of the bio-oil steam reforming system. A multi-zone steam generator using waste heat has been proposed, which can produce the heat source and steam source of the hydrogen system. The DEM model of the multi-zone steam generator was set up. The model has been used to investigate the effects of particle sizes (40 mm–80 mm). With increasing particle size, the flow index and the flow uniformity gradually decrease, the vertical velocity gradient increases in the area on both side with the zone steam generator, and the vertical velocity fluctuation amplitude gradually increases. So, the hydrogen production decreases from the particle size increasing.     

The effect of hydrogen addition on combustion and emission characteristics of an n-heptane fuelled HCCI engine

The mechanisms of the influence of hydrogen enrichment on the combustion and emission characteristics of an n-heptane fuelled homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine was numerically investigated using a multi-zone model. The model calculation successfully captured the most available experimental data. The results show that hydrogen addition retards combustion phasing of an n-heptane fuelled HCCI engine due to the dilution and chemical effects, with the dilution effect being more significant. It is because of the chemical effect that combustion duration is reduced at a constant compression ratio if an appropriate amount of hydrogen is added. As a result of retarded combustion phasing and reduced combustion duration, hydrogen addition increases indicated thermal efficiency at a constant combustion phasing. Hydrogen addition reduces indicated specific unburned hydrocarbon emissions, but slightly increases normalized unburned hydrocarbon emissions that are defined as the emissions per unit burned n-heptane mass. The increase in normalized unburned hydrocarbon emissions is caused by the presence of more remaining hydrocarbons that compete with hydrogen for some key radicals during high temperature combustion stage. At a given hydrogen addition level, N₂O emissions increases with overly retarding combustion phasing, but hydrogen addition moderates this increase in N₂O emissions.     

USE OF X-RAY MICROTOMOGRAPHY TO FOLLOW THE CONVECTIVE HEAT DRYING OF WASTEWATER SLUDGES

X-ray microtomography is proposed as a new tool to investigate the evolution of size, shape and texture of soft materials during a drying operation. This study is focused on the drying of mechanically dewatered sludges from a secondary wastewater treatment. The shrinkage phenomenon is shown to play a crucial role in the control of the drying process. The shrinkage curves are determined by analysing the shape and size of cross sectional microtomographic images of sludge extrudates at different levels of drying. The observation of drying and shrinkage curves allows us to determine 3 critical water content values, which define different drying zones where extragranular, intragranular or mixed limitations prevail. When drying is externally controlled, the decrease of the drying rate observed during experiments can be related to the reduction of the external area of the sample, i.e., to shrinkage. When drying is internally controlled, resistances inside the solid govern the process. Between these two extreme situations, the drying rate reduction is the result of both the external area decrease and the development of internal resistances limiting drying. A multizone model is proposed to describe quantitatively these observations. The analysis of the internal texture of the sludge extrudates reveals crack formation at the end of the drying process. The onset of crack formation is clearly related to the appearance of internal transfer limitations, i.e., humidity and temperature gradients inside the material.     

Investigating various effects of reformer gas enrichment on a natural gas-fueled HCCI combustion engine

Homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion has the potential to work with high thermal efficiency, low fuel consumption, and extremely low NO_x-PM emissions. In this study, zero-dimensional single-zone and quasi-dimensional multi-zone detailed chemical kinetics models were developed to predict and control an HCCI combustion engine fueled with a natural gas and reformer gas (RG) blend. The model was validated through experiments performed with a modified single-cylinder CFR engine. Both models were able to acceptably predict combustion initiation. The result shows that the chemical and thermodynamic effects of RG blending advance the start of combustion (SOC), whereas dilution retards SOC. In addition, the chemical effect was stronger than the dilution effect, which was in turn stronger than the thermal effect. Furthermore, it was found that the strength of the chemical effect was mainly dependent on H₂ content in RG. Moreover, the amount of RG and concentration of species (CO–H₂) were varied across a wide range of values to investigate their effects on the combustion behavior in an HCCI engine. It was found that the H₂ concentration in RG has a more significant effect on SOC at lower RG percentages in comparison with the CO concentration. However, in higher RG percentages, the CO mass concentration becomes more effective than H₂ in altering SOC.