二氧化碳捕获与封存技术经济评估

相对于美国与欧洲,台湾天然气价格相对昂贵许多;因此使用燃煤IGCC+CCS在台湾将更具优势.本研究采用IEA参数设定与美国、欧洲及台湾燃料价格,以RETScreen进行技术经济分析,计算2020年IGCC、IGCC+CC(S)与NGCC电厂的上网电价、最适碳价及经济可行的时间.结果显示2020年NGCC上网电价(146.70美元/MWh)高于IGCC+CC电价(111.60美元/MWh)与考虑碳运输与储存成本的IGCC+CCS(127美元/MWh),其代表意义为尽管在没有碳税的前提下,IGCC+CCS在台湾仍较具优势.相比之下,美国因为天然气价格便宜,其IGCC+CCS在2030-2035年才有机会代替NGCC.台湾实证也显示当CO2价格在2020年为60～70USD/t-CO2,IGCC+CC较IGCC加上碳交易划算;当考虑碳运输与储存成本后,CO2价格必须高达90～100USD/t-CO2,IGCC+CCS才划算.本研究建议:1)将CCS技术纳入台湾能源政策的低碳能源选项;2)及早兴建CCS示范电厂;3)发展IGCC+CCS取代NGCC.     

基于SoftSwitch和Parlay Gateway的下一代呼叫中心

介绍了基于SoftSwitch和Parlay Gateway的下一代呼叫中心的关键技术、系统结构设计以及组网。并以自动客服转入工坐席处理业务为例说明业务的实现流程。     

Energy use, cost and CO2 emissions of electric cars

We examine efficiency, costs and greenhouse gas emissions of current and future electric cars (EV), including the impact from charging EV on electricity demand and infrastructure for generation and distribution.Uncoordinated charging would increase national peak load by 7% at 30% penetration rate of EV and household peak load by 54%, which may exceed the capacity of existing electricity distribution infrastructure. At 30% penetration of EV, off-peak charging would result in a 20% higher, more stable base load and no additional peak load at the national level and up to 7% higher peak load at the household level. Therefore, if off-peak charging is successfully introduced, electric driving need not require additional generation capacity, even in case of 100% switch to electric vehicles.GHG emissions from electric driving depend most on the fuel type (coal or natural gas) used in the generation of electricity for charging, and range between 0 g km⁻¹ (using renewables) and 155 g km⁻¹ (using electricity from an old coal-based plant). Based on the generation capacity projected for the Netherlands in 2015, electricity for EV charging would largely be generated using natural gas, emitting 35-77 g CO_2 eq km⁻¹.We find that total cost of ownership (TCO) of current EV are uncompetitive with regular cars and series hybrid cars by more than 800 € year⁻¹. TCO of future wheel motor PHEV may become competitive when batteries cost 400 € kWh⁻¹, even without tax incentives, as long as one battery pack can last for the lifespan of the vehicle. However, TCO of future battery powered cars is at least 25% higher than of series hybrid or regular cars. This cost gap remains unless cost of batteries drops to 150 € kWh⁻¹ in the future. Variations in driving cost from charging patterns have negligible influence on TCO.GHG abatement costs using plug-in hybrid cars are currently 400-1400 € tonne⁻¹ CO_2 eq and may come down to −100 to 300 € tonne⁻¹. Abatement cost using battery powered cars are currently above 1900 € tonne⁻¹ and are not projected to drop below 300-800 € tonne⁻¹.     

High-efficiency power production from natural gas with carbon capture

A unique electricity generation process uses natural gas and solid oxide fuel cells at high electrical efficiency (74%HHV) and zero atmospheric emissions. The process contains a steam reformer heat-integrated with the fuel cells to provide the heat necessary for reforming. The fuel cells are powered with H₂ and avoid carbon deposition issues. 100% CO₂ capture is achieved downstream of the fuel cells with very little energy penalty using a multi-stage flash cascade process, where high-purity water is produced as a side product. Alternative reforming techniques such as CO₂ reforming, autothermal reforming, and partial oxidation are considered. The capital and energy costs of the proposed process are considered to determine the levelized cost of electricity, which is low when compared to other similar carbon capture-enabled processes.     

燃气烟气1000t/a CO_2捕集中试试验研究

我国第1套燃气烟气CO2捕集中试装置成功完成3000 h连续试验运行以论证吸收溶剂和工艺过程。试验结果表明:开发的燃气烟气CO2捕集系统运行平稳,工艺过程稳定可靠。吸收剂具有效率高、腐蚀降解低、损耗少等特点,溶剂损耗小于0.5kg/tCO2,溶液对316L、304、2205、2507这4种合金材料的腐蚀度均小于1.65×10-3 mm/a。吸收塔尾气污染物排放水平低,其中溶剂排放0.17 ml/m3,亚硝胺排放3μg/m3,未发现硝胺存在。新型的蒸汽加热–闪蒸–机械蒸汽再压缩一体化再生工艺比传统加热再生方式减少蒸汽消耗10%~25%,总再生能耗下降10%~15%。     

Analog circuit design by nonconvex polynomial optimization: Two design examples

We present a framework for synthesizing low‐power analog circuits through global optimization over generally nonconvex multivariate polynomial objective function and constraints. Specifically, a nonconvex optimization problem is formed, which is then efficiently solved through convex programming techniques based on linear matrix inequality (LMI) relaxation. The framework allows both polynomial inequality and equality constraints, thereby facilitating more accurate device modelings and parameter tuning. Compared to traditional nonlinear programming (NLP), the proposed methodology exhibits superior computational efficiency, and guarantees convergence to a globally optimal solution. As in other physical design tasks, circuit knowledge and insight are critical for initial problem formulation, while the nonconvex optimization machinery provides a versatile tool and systematic way to locate the optimal parameters meeting design specifications. Two circuit design examples are given, namely, a nested transconductance(G_m)–capacitance compensation (NGCC) amplifier and a delta–sigma (ΔΣ) analog‐to‐digital converter (ADC), both of them being the key components in many electronic systems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

下一代呼叫中心发展分析与研究

本文主要对下一代呼叫中心（NGCC）的发展趋势、核心技术、网络架构等方面进行了论述,并结合企业应用和网络融合的特点进行了分析,概述了NGCC的优势与特点。     

运营商客户服务专席基地组网方案探讨

本文介绍了运营商客服呼叫中心/专席基地现状和下一代呼叫中心技术,提出了3种客服专席基地组网方案,并对3种方案的优缺点进行了分析比较。     

Effects of technological learning on future cost and performance of power plants with CO2 capture

This paper demonstrates the concept of applying learning curves in a consistent manner to performance as well as cost variables in order to assess the future development of power plants with CO₂ capture. An existing model developed at Carnegie Mellon University, which had provided insight into the potential learning of cost variables in power plants with CO₂ capture, is extended with learning curves for several key performance variables, including the overall energy loss in power plants, the energy required for CO₂ capture, the CO₂ capture ratio (removal efficiency), and the power plant availability. Next, learning rates for both performance and cost parameters were combined with global capacity projections for fossil-fired power plants to estimate future cost and performance of these power plants with and without CO₂ capture. The results of global learning are explicitly reported, so that they can be used for other purposes such as in regional bottom-up models. Results of this study show that IGCC with CO₂ capture has the largest learning potential, with significant improvements in efficiency and reductions in cost between 2001 and 2050 under the condition that around 3100 GW of combined cycle capacity is installed worldwide. Furthermore, in a scenario with a strict climate policy, mitigation costs in 2030 are 26, 11, 19 €/t (excluding CO₂ transport and storage costs) for NGCC, IGCC, and PC power plants with CO₂ capture, respectively, compared to 42, 13, and 32 €/t in a scenario with a limited climate policy. Additional results are presented for IGCC, PC, and NGCC plants with and without CO₂ capture, and a sensitivity analysis is employed to show the impacts of alternative assumptions on projected learning rates of different systems.