巴基斯坦独立以来与中国关系的变迁及启示

巴基斯坦作为当代与中国关系较为亲密稳固的国家之一,同时亦有着"宗教国家"与"美国旧盟友"的双重身份。从两极格局时的紧张对立到新世纪的紧密合作,中巴关系在国家利益与友谊的牵引下不断摸索着、发展着、巩固着。巴基斯坦作为宗教大国,对我们而言探究中巴关系变迁可以为当代中国进一步拓展与伊斯兰国家的关系找到突破口,加快与这些国家交往的步伐;同时,它对提高中国在伊斯兰国家的影响力也是有重大意义的,具有研究价值。     

Prevalence of Campylobacter species in meat, milk and other food commodities in Pakistan

A surveillance study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter in meat, milk and other food commodities in Pakistan. Over a period of 3 years (January 2002-December 2004), a total of 1636 food samples of meat, milk and other food commodities were procured from three big cities of Pakistan (Faisalabad, Lahore and Islamabad) and were analysed. Among meat samples, the highest prevalence (48%) of Campylobacter was recorded in raw chicken meat followed by raw beef (10.9%) and raw mutton (5.1%). Among other food commodities, the highest prevalence was observed in vegetable/fruit salad (40.9%), sandwiches (32%), cheese (11%) and raw bulk milk samples (10.2%). The overall prevalence of Campylobacter was found to be 21.5%, out of which 70.6% were identified as Campylobacter (C.) jejuni and 29.4% as C. coli. The study reported that the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was significantly higher in the food commodities, which included raw/undercooked ingredients.     

巴基斯坦雷克迪克斑岩型铜金矿床外围找矿方法探讨

在地质工作程度较低的矿权区,如何快速、有效地进行潜力评价,为下一步决策提供较准确的信息,一直是矿产勘查公司进行国外风险勘探的最终目的。文章通过比对相邻已知矿区的物探资料,由已知到未知,对矿权区物探资料进行解译,并圈出成矿有利远景区,加快矿权区调查评价进度,进而达到快速评价目的,提高找矿综合效益。     

CKD9型内燃机车的开发

CKD9型机车是大连机车车辆有限公司根据巴基斯坦铁路要求设计制造的干线客、货运两用内燃机车。机车采用的动力装置为16V240ZJD1型柴油机,最大运用功率2650 kW。机车最高运行速度125 km/h,采用了交流辅助传动系统、全新的宽轨转向架、新型防风沙空滤器、顶置式大片散热器冷却系统、防风沙轻型车体、真空空气两用制动系统等多项新技术。介绍了该型机车的性能特点、结构及技术参数。     

Prevalence and correlates of smoking on the roof of the world

OBJECTIVE—To determine the prevalence and correlates of cigarette smoking among adults in high mountain rural areas of northern Pakistan.
DESIGN—Cross sectional survey.
PARTICIPANTS—A sample of 4203 adults (aged 18 years and over) were selected by stratified random sampling from 16 villages.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE—Self reported smoking prevalence; age of smoking initiation; daily cigarette consumption and association between current smoking and sociodemographic variables, use of snuff, wine, body mass index, blood pressure, family history of stroke, and hypertension.
RESULTS—614/1406 men (43.7%) and 154/2797 (5.5%) women reported smoking cigarettes. The age standardised prevalence of smoking was 40.5% for men and 6.3% for women. Men were more likely (odds ratio (OR) 6.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.75 to 8.79) to be smokers. Smokers were more likely to use snuff (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.73), drink wine (OR 3.47, 95% CI 2.81 to 4.29), and were more likely to work as farmers (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.29) or shopkeepers (OR 2.63, 95% CI 1.67 to 4.14). Individuals with college level education and with desirable body mass index were less likely to smoke (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.87; OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.96).
CONCLUSION—Cigarette smoking is a major public health problem in this high mountain community of Pakistan, particularly among the male population, the majority of whom begin to smoke quite early in life. A comprehensive tobacco control effort incorporated into the existing community based health infrastructure is needed.


Keywords: Pakistan; prevalence of smoking     

From the gardens of the Qur'an to the “gardens” of Lahore

Mughal gardens are often interpreted as symbols of an Islamic paradise, but the precise relations between historical gardens and religious meaning remain vague. To clarify these relations, this paper compares garden imagery of the Qur'an with historical places of Lahore, Pakistan, “the Mughal City of Gardens”. Part one surveys garden imagery in the Qur'an to identify theological and aesthetic attributes of paradise. Part two shows how historical gardens, mosques, and shrines in Lahore exemplify different aspects of paradise symbolism. The results suggest new directions for the study of historical gardens and paradise symbolism in Muslim cultural landscapes.     

底栏栅坝在巴基斯坦水电站中的应用

针对Naltar河道推移质对取水方式的影响,通过比较常规闸坝,结合引水方式的优缺点,在巴基斯坦北部地区首次应用了底栏栅坝式取水型式,实践证明该引水方式是成功的。同时提出了底栏栅坝应用于山区多泥沙河流设计中应注意的问题。     

巴基斯坦甘蔗科研生产考察报告

为制定一份详细的、具有可操作性的中巴甘蔗农业研究合作项目实施方案,应巴基斯坦农业研究委员会(Pakistan Agricultural Research Council)的邀请,广州甘蔗糖业研究所李奇伟所长等5人组成考察团,于2009年10月17～25日赴巴基斯坦对信德(Sindh)省甘蔗糖业科研和生产情况进行了全面、深入的实地考察和调研。     

Toxic metals in the atmosphere in Lahore, Pakistan

Aerosol mass (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) and detailed elemental composition were measured in monthly composites during the calendar year of 2007 at a site in Lahore, Pakistan. Elemental analysis revealed extremely high concentrations of Pb (4.4 μg m^− 3), Zn (12 μg m^− 3), Cd (0.077 μg m^− 3), and several other toxic metals. A significant fraction of the concentration of Pb (84%), Zn (98%), and Cd (90%) was contained in the fine particulate fraction (PM_2.5 and smaller); in addition, Zn and Cd were largely (≥ 60%) water soluble. The 2007 annual average PM₁₀ mass concentration was 340 μg m^− 3, which is well above the WHO guideline of 20 μg m^− 3. Dust sources were found to contribute on average (maximum) 41% (70%) of PM₁₀ mass and 14% (29%) of PM_2.5 mass on a monthly basis. Seasonally, concentrations were found to be lowest during the monsoon season (July-September). Principle component analysis identified seven factors, which combined explained 91% of the variance of the measured components of PM₁₀. These factors included three industrial sources, re-suspended soil, mobile sources, and two regional secondary aerosol sources likely from coal and/or biomass burning. The majority of the Pb was found to be associated with one industrial source, along with a number of other toxic metals including As and Cr. Cadmium, another toxic metal, was found at concentrations 16 times higher than the maximum exposure level recommended by the World Health Organization, and was concentrated in one industrial source that was also associated with Zn. These results highlight the importance of focusing control strategies not only on reducing PM mass concentration, but also on the reduction of toxic components of the PM as well, to most effectively protect human health and the environment.     

Quality Management in Pakistan's Bedwear Industry

Pakistan's bedwear industry contributes significantly to Pakistan's industry in general and to its textile industrial output and exports in particular. The exports of bedwear have increased steadily. However, its key basis of competitive advantage has been low cost. After greater liberalization from 2005 onwards and due to tariffication of quotas, the bedwear industry will not only have to scale higher tariff walls but will be more exposed to the threat of anti-dumping duties as it relies primarily on low prices to penetrate the export markets. To enhance its competitiveness, it will have to combine better quality with low costs and quick response. Research in quality management in Pakistan's bedwear industry was, therefore, undertaken. A postal self-completion questionnaire was mailed to 38 members of Pakistan Bedwear Manufacturers' and Exporters' Association (PBMEA). The response rate was almost 79%. It was found that this industrial segment was in various stages of development. This study demonstrates both the effectiveness and the limits of quality assurance in improving the levels of quality which remain a moving target in a dynamic liberalizing international trade environment that is more competitive since 2005. The bedwear industry, therefore, needs to graduate to advanced practices in quality management in order to remain competitive in rapidly changing times.