Early detection of ageing in solder joints through laser probe thermal analysis of the peltier effect

We have recently developed an optical contactless method for testing the quality of solder joints during accelerated thermal cycling ageing processes.¹ The method was based upon the measurement of the dynamic thermal behaviour of the joint to short bursts of Joule heating. It has proved to be efficient in revealing the formation of cracks at the lead-solder interface. We present a method to evaluate ageing at a much earlier stage in the cycling process. We have observed in earlier work,¹ that before cracks appear, structural changes occur in the solder at the lead-solder interface. The thermal response of the solder joint is recorded over time to a Peltier heat perturbation produced by flowing a current pulse through the interface where structural changes occur. The key point in this method is to discriminate the Peltier effect from the Joule thermal response because both effects generate heat. The variation of the early Peltier response in the thermal cycling ageing tests is seen as a quantitative signature of the structural changes in the lead-solder interface.     

基于复合帕尔贴模块热触觉再现装置研究

设计了一种基于复合帕尔贴模块的改进型温度触觉感知再现装置。首先分析了手指接触复合帕尔贴装置表面时的热传导过程,并根据热网络分析法建立了基于复合帕尔贴模块的热触觉感知模型;据此设计了一种通过控制复合帕尔贴模块表面温度变化来模拟温度触觉过程的装置,复合帕尔贴装置由两个20 mm×20 mm的帕尔贴模块重叠放置构成,通过对上下层帕尔贴模块输入电流分别控制,实现了比单层帕尔贴模块更为快速的升降温速率和更大工作温度区间;最后,通过热图标辨别实验,分析了将温度触觉感知再现应用于特殊人群导航的可行性。     

动态红外景像仿真技术综述及帕尔贴效应的应用

在进行红外探测系统测试和评估经常使用红外动态景像仿真系统,随着红外探测技术的发展,红外动态景像仿真系统的性能也亟待提高.首先介绍了目前红外动态景像仿真系统的相关技术要求,然后介绍了悬浮薄膜电阻阵列、红外液晶光阀、薄膜黑体腔和激光二极管阵列这4种典型器件的工作原理及其优缺点;提出了一种基于帕尔贴效应的红外动态景像仿真技术,并对其进行了理论分析,指出该技术具有动态范围大、帧频高、分辨率高、均匀性好、双向仿真的优点.     

Development of a hybrid refrigerator combining thermoelectric and vapor compression technologies

A domestic refrigerator with three compartments has been developed: refrigerator compartment, at 4 °C (vapor compression cooling system); freezer compartment, at −22 °C (vapor compression cooling system); and a new super-conservation compartment, at 0 °C (thermoelectric cooling system). The thermoelectric system designed for the super-conservation compartment eliminates the oscillation of its temperature due to the start and stop compressor cycles, obtaining a constant temperature and thus, a better preservation of the food.For the design and optimization of this application, a computational model, based in the numerical method of finite differences, has been developed. This model allows to simulate the complete hybrid refrigerator (vapor compression–thermoelectricity). The accuracy of the model has been experimentally checked, with a maximum error of 1.2 °C for temperature values, and 8% for electric power consumption.By simulations with the computational model, the design of the refrigerator has been optimized, obtaining a final prototype highly competitive, by the features on food preservation and power consumption: 1.15 kW h per day (48.1 W) for an ambient temperature of 25 °C. According to European rules, this power consumption value means that this new refrigerator could be included on energy efficiency class B.     

半导体致冷原理及其应用系统设计研究

作为一种技术先进、可靠性高、又无污染的制冷新器件，半导体致冷可以广泛应用于各种小功率温度控制系统。例如便携式汽车冷暖箱，冷热饮水机、微机芯片的致冷等等。本文详细叙述了拍尔帕效应、半导体致冷片（器件）的工作原理、工作过程、及其特点。并研究开发了一套基于单片机控制为核心，数字式温度传感器，半导体致冷片。以及固态继电器配合使用的微机芯片温度检测致冷控制系统。该系统具有很强的实用性和可移植性。     

Control of Thermal Conductance of Peltier Device Using Heat Disturbance Observer

In industry, temperature control and heat flow control are now applied in many thermal devices, including Peltier devices, which facilitates heat transfer by the Peltier effect. Generally, temperature control compensates for heat flowing from the external environment, while heat actively flows into the system during heat flow control. Thus, temperature control and heat flow control differ from each other. However, there have been no detailed discussions of a thermal control process in which the thermal conductance control ranges between 0 and ∞. This paper focuses on thermal conductance control and the construction of a thermal conductance control system for a Peltier device using a heat disturbance observer. When using the thermal conductance controller, the thermal conductance control is altered and the system becomes thermally compliant with the external environment. This paper also presents experimental results that confirm the validity of the proposed control system. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 185(4): 44–52, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22411     

Peltier Effect on Sn/Co Interfacial Reactions

It is observed that the interfacial reactions in Sn/Co couples are different at the anode and cathode sides as a result of temperature differences caused by the Peltier effect. The Sn/Co interfacial reactions were examined at 180°C with the passage of an electric current of 5000 A/cm². The reaction phase was CoSn₃. The reaction layer at the Co/Sn anode interface in which the electrons moved from Co to Sn was thicker than that at the Sn/Co cathode interface, but this phenomenon could not be reasonably accounted for using the electromigration effect. The temperature of Sn at the Co/Sn anode interface was 4.5°C higher than that at the Sn/Co cathode interface with the passage of 5000 A/cm² electric current at 180°C. Temperature differences were determined with a carefully designed cathode–anode switching experiment using thermocouples, and the results were confirmed with thermal infrared microscope measurements and calculated results based on heat transfer models.     

Electricity generation using solar parabolic dish system with thermoelectric generator—An experimental investigation

The present electricity grid installation cost as well as the tariff is quite high in India, particularly remote rural areas, to electrify houses. These problems can be easily solved by installing standalone systems that operate on one of the clean energy sources such as solar energy. An experimental analysis of generating electricity from a thermoelectric generator (TEG) powered by a solar parabolic dish concentrator device with aperture area and focal length of 12.6 m² and 2.42 m, respectively, is presented in this article. A TEG is made up of a thermoelectric module connected to a flat receiver by an absorber layer. The studies were carried out in Indian climatic conditions at the National Institute of Technology, Puducherry. Over a spectrum of beam radiation, the system's maximum energy conversion efficiency, as well as efficient electrical output, are evaluated and presented. The proposed system's average effective electrical efficiency is 0.424%, corresponding to the TEG's average energy conversion efficiency of 2.76%.     

Reduction of heat leak in cryogenic system using Peltier current leads

Peltier current leads (PCLs) for cryogenic systems are investigated in regard to temperature dependence of thermoelectric materials. Due to the Peltier effect on the thermoelectric parts of the current lead, PCLs act as heat pumps. It is expected that PCLs will reduce the amount of heat leak from the room temperature side to the low temperature side of a cryogenic system. Six (three each for p and n type) hot-pressed BiTe samples for PCLs are selected to estimate PCL performance. Our experimental results and analyses indicate that PCLs show a capacity in the order of several hundred Amperes and as much as 20-30% reductions of heat leak.     

On minimizing the heat leak of current leads in cryogenic vacuum systems

Electronic devices such as infrared detectors in remote sensing instruments are frequently placed in cryogenic vacuum systems, such that the ratio of signal to noise can be enhanced. The heat leak of leads supplying usually small electric current to these electronic devices is a critical issue in system designs. Cu is a typical material for current leads. In this work, however, we suggest employing the Peltier current lead to lower the heat leak. It comprises a thermoelectric element and a Cu lead at the hot and cold ends, respectively. In considering the heat radiation between Cu leads and the vacuum vessel, both all-Cu and Peltier current leads are optimised so as to minimise their resulting heat leaking into cryogenic vacuum systems. Moreover, temperature–entropy (T–s) diagrams are constructed to track the actual thermodynamic processes in the two types of current leads. The heat leak of a current lead in the presence of heat radiation can be easily identified from the simple 2-D T–s plane. It is also proved that the effect of heat radiation on the heat leak of current leads is usually negligible.