STUDY ON PERMEATION OF ACETONE/NITROGEN MIXED GAS THROUGH AL2O3 MICROPOROUS MEMBRANES: MOLECULAR DYNAMICS

In this work, by applying Materials Studio 2.2 software package, molecular dynamics (MD) was performed to investigate the dynamic processes of 1:4 acetone/nitrogen mixed gas permeating through different Al₂O₃ microporous membranes. Three systems were modeled by considering different box lengths, microporous sizes, and textures of Al₂O₃ membranes to compare different permeation behaviors. In each system, initial mixed gas contained 20 acetone molecules and 80 nitrogen molecules, and its density was set to 0.1 g/cm³. Analysis on the concentration profiles of nitrogen molecules (N2) and acetone molecules (Ace) in each system at different sampling times was implemented to discuss the permeation behaviors of smaller N2 and larger Ace. The results showed that adsorption and diffusion occurred synchronously but adsorption was dominant for acetone molecules and that the adsorption on the floor surface of the feed gas region more easily reached equilibrium (local equilibrium) than the diffusion and the adsorption on the ceiling of the initially vacuum region. Furthermore, for nitrogen, adsorption followed diffusion. Higher temperature is in favor of the enrichment of acetone on the floor surface of the feed gas region but against the adsorption of nitrogen. The adsorptive layer was found to be a double-layer with COMPASS force field and to be a monolayer with PCFF force field.     

Sorption and permeation of solutions of chloride salts, water and methanol in a Nafion membrane

The sorption of water–methanol mixtures containing a dissolved chloride salt in a Nafion 117 membrane, and their transport through the membrane under the driving force of a pressure gradient, have been studied. Both type of experiments was performed by using five different salts: lithium chloride, sodium chloride, cesium chloride, magnesium chloride and calcium chloride. It was observed that both the permeation flow through the membrane and the membrane swelling increase significantly with the methanol content of the solutions. These facts are attributed to the increase in wet membrane porosity, which brings about the increase of the mobility of solvents in the membrane, besides the increase of the mobility of the polymer pendant chains. In contrast, the influence of the type of electrolyte on the membrane porosity and permeability is not very important, with the exception of the CsCl solutions, which is probably due to the small hydration ability of the Cs⁺ ion.     

The permeation resistance of interface and the directional dependence of permeation in plasma-grafted composite membranes

Composite membranes were prepared by grafting plasma-polymerized films onto the surface of nonporous poly (dimethylsiloxane) films. Gas permeabilities of the composite membranes were measured at 35°C, 1 atm for N₂, 0₂, CO₂ and CH₄. The permeation properties of the composite membrane was analyzed using the series resistance model. There was a great interfacial resistance to CH₄ permeation through the composite membrane. The interfacial resistance was negligible for the other gases. The interfacial resistance seems to be a result of an interfacial layer caused by the interaction between the bulk two layers. For CH₄ gas, the permeation rate through the composite membrane was affected by the direction of flow. The directional dependence was negligible for the other gases.     

Sorption, diffusion, and permeation of light olefins in poly(ether block amide) membranes

Sorption, diffusion, and permeation of three olefins (i.e., C₂H₄, C₃H₆, and C₄H₈) in poly(ether block amide) (PEBA 2533) membranes at different temperatures and pressures were investigated. This is pertinent to olefin recovery from resin off gas in polyolefin manufacturing. The relative contribution of solubility and diffusivity to the preferential permeability of olefins over nitrogen was elucidated. It was revealed that the favorable olefin/nitrogen permselectivity was primarily attributed to the solubility selectivity, whereas the diffusivity selectivity may affect the permselectivity negatively or positively, depending on the operating temperature and pressure. The olefin permeability is in the order of C₄H₈>C₃H₆>C₂H₄, the same order as their solubility in the membrane. In general, a low temperature favors both the permeability and selectivity. With an increase in pressure and/or a decrease in temperature, the sorption uptake of the olefin in the membrane increases progressively, and the diffusivity and hence the permeability are also enhanced because of the increased membrane plasticization/swelling caused by the penetrant sorbed in the membrane. At a given temperature, the pressure dependence of solubility and permeability could be described empirically by an exponential function. The limiting solubility at infinite dilution was correlated with the reduced temperature, and the hypothetical diffusivity at zero pressure was related to temperature by the Arrhenius equation.     

Adaptation of the electrochemical permeation technique for studying entry, transport and trapping of hydrogen in metals

The electrochemical permeation and desorption techniques for studying the entry, transport and trapping of hydrogen in metals are outlined. These techniques are susceptible to numerous pitfalls. To obtain reliable data, the experimental conditions must be carefully controlled. As an example, the permeation of hydrogen through and the desorption of hydrogen from cathodically charged Armco iron membranes were investigated. The analysis of the partial permeation transients and then the analysis of the desorption rate of hydrogen from both sides of the membrane enabled determination the lattice diffusivity of hydrogen as well as the amounts and distribution of the diffusible and trapped hydrogen.     

接地降阻剂机理及用量研究

本文介绍我们对降阻剂降低接地电阻的机理所作的试验研究结果。这个问题目前尚有争议,有人认为存在着很大的所谓浸润层,亦有人持怀疑态度。我们的试验表明,在埋设降阻剂时确实存在着降阻剂导电溶液向土壤中渗透的一定区间。经过理论分析计算,确定了渗透层的厚度和渗透层的平均土壤电阻率。渗透层并不大,约几公分到十几公分,它可使降阻率提高约20～30％,并有良好的均压作用。仅少数的试验结果已可看出,降阻率的提高对降咀剂用量的关系具有饱和特性。     

凝胶渗透色谱研究水性聚氨酯乳液

通过凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）研究了不同加料方法、不同扩链剂、不同聚酯对乳液分子量的影响；结果表明：不同扩链剂合成的乳液数均分子量的次序为：BD／DEG〈NPG〈BD〈DEG〈DEG／TMP；不同聚酯合成的乳液的数均分子量大小次序为：CMA-44—600〉T1136〉CMA-1000〉MX785〉CMA-44。     

高温钠热管内渗入氢气后恢复性试验研究

对渗入氢气后的高温钠热管做了恢复性试验,在相同功率条件下,渗入氢气的热管启动过程中各点的温度波动较大,管内钠蒸气和外部渗入的氢气有一明显的分界面,随着功率的加大和试验次数的增加,此分界面不断向冷凝段顶部移动。通过对热管壁面温度的分析,可以计算出渗入氢气的质量及氢气渗出的速度,拟合出1Cr18N i9Ti不锈钢材料的渗透系数。试验结果表明,经过40h试验,热管启动曲线和等温性与渗氢前基本一致,渗入的氢气已完全排出,热管恢复到渗氢前良好的工作特性。     

玻璃纤维增强尼龙复合材料的力学、耐油脂及耐渗透性能研究

基于尼龙6、尼龙66、透明尼龙61、聚己二酰间苯二甲胺(MXD6)、玻璃纤维和成核剂通过熔融共混法制备了一系列玻璃纤维增强尼龙复合材料,并对常温下复合材料的力学性能进行了对比研究,此外还考察了材料在不同组成时的耐热老化性能、耐油性能及耐渗透性能.结果显示,材料刚性随MXD6加入比例提升而明显增大,而冲击韧性并未出现明显...     

Development of matrix patches for transdermal delivery of a highly lipophilic antiestrogen

The aim of this study was to develop matrix-type transdermal systems (TDSs) containing the highly lipophilic (log P = 5.82) antiestrogen (AE) and the permeation enhancers propylene glycol and lauric acid. For that purpose, permeation of AE from various adhesive matrices through excised skin of hairless mice was evaluated. It was found that pretreatment of the skin with permeation enhancers raised the transdermal flux of subsequently applied antiestrogen. Highest steady-state transdermal fluxes (1.1 µg cm^-2 h^-1) were obtained from Gelva®, polyacrylate adhesive, followed by 0.55 µg cm^-2 h^-1 from Oppanol® polyisobutylene, 0.31 µg cm^-2 h^-1 from BIO-PSA® silicone, and 0.12 µg cm^-2 h^-1 from Sekisui polyacrylate matrices. In order to develop TDS with high content of fluid permeation enhancer propylene glycol, two different strategies were investigated. One strategy was the addition of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) as thickening agent to Gelva matrices. This allowed for propylene glycol loading levels of up to 30%, resulting in transdermal AE fluxes of 0.09 µg cm^-2 h^-1. On the other hand, a fleece-laminated backing foil was loaded with the described permeation enhancer formulation and laminated with polyacrylate adhesive layer, resulting in transdermal AE fluxes of 0.06 µg cm^-2 h^-1. However, application of these TDSs on skin pretreated with permeation enhancers raised the fluxes to 2.6 µg cm^-2 h^-1 from Gelva/HPC and 0.46 µg cm^-2 h^-1 from fleece/Sekisui.