Heat induced transition of a stable vortex street

A combined numerical and experimental investigation is presented showing the effect of heat on the stability of a horizontal vortex street for Re_D=75 and Ri_D between 1 and 2. Detailed 2D-HiRes PV experiments are compared with 2D numerical results. The results show that an early transition to 3D of the vortex street takes place for Ri_D>1. Furthermore, the location at which the 2D wake becomes essentially 3D turns out to be dependent on Ri_D. For an increasing addition of heat (increasing Ri_D), this location is shifted into the direction of the cylinder. By applying 3D measuring techniques, such as 3D-PTV and 3D visualisation techniques, the transition process and the behaviour downstream of the transition point are investigated.     

PROGRESS IN THE MODELLING OF AIR FLOW PATTERNS IN TIMBER KILNS

Progress in modelling air flow patterns in timber kilns using Computational Fluid Dynamics is reviewed in this work. These simulations are intended to predict the distribution of the flow in the fillet spaces between boards in a hydraulic model of a timber kiln. Here, the flow regime between the boards is transitional between laminar and turbulent flow, with Reynolds numbers of the order of 5000. Running the simulation as a transient calculation has shown few problems with convergence issues, reaching a mass residual of 0.2% of the total inflow after 40-100 iterations per time step for time steps of 0.01 s. Grid sensitivity studies have shown that non-uniform grids are necessary because of the sudden changes in flow cross section, and the flow simulations are insensitive to grid refinement for non-uniform grids with more than 300,000 cells. The best agreement between the experimentally-measured flow distributions between fillet spaces and those predicted by the simulation have been achieved for (effective) bulk viscosities between the laminar viscosity for water and ten times that value. This change in viscosity is not very large (less than an order of magnitude), given that effective turbulent viscosities are typically several orders of magnitude greater than laminar ones. This result is consistent with the transitional flows here.     

Group technology based adaptive cell formation using predator-prey genetic algorithm

In recent years, there has been a considerable growth of application of group technology in cellular manufacturing. This has led to investigation of the primary cell formation problem (CFP), both in classical and soft-computing domain. Compared to more well-known and analytical techniques like mathematical programming which have been used rigorously to solve CFPs, heuristic approaches have yet gained the same level of acceptance. In the last decade we have seen some fruitful attempts to use evolutionary techniques like genetic algorithm (GA) and Ant Colony Optimization to find solutions of the CFP. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the applicability of a fine grain variant of the predator-prey GA (PPGA) in CFPs. The algorithm has been adapted to emphasize local selection strategy and to maintain a reasonable balance between prey and predator population, while avoiding premature convergence. The results show that the algorithm is competitive in identifying machine-part clusters from the initial CFP matrix with significantly less number of iterations. The algorithm scaled efficiently for large size problems with competitive performance. Optimal cluster identification is then followed by removal of the bottleneck elements to give a final solution with minimum inter-cluster transition cost. The results give considerable impetus to study similar NP-complete combinatorial problems using fine-grain GAs in future.     

Poly(oxyphosphazenes): A unifying look at structure and morphology

Variations in thermotropic behavior have been investigated for many crystalline polyphosphazenes. Experimental results obtained from DSC, solid-state MAS NMR, dilatometry, mechanical property (creep and dynamic) measurements, birefringence, X-ray (wide and small-angle), and electron diffraction have been made as a function of temperature in an attempt to elucidate the structure-morphology behavior in these polymers. Initially all polyphosphazenes described in this study crystallize from dilute or moderately concentrated solutions in the monoclinic form with relatively low crystallinity (50%). When heated, these specimens expand atT(1) and adopt a chain-extended 2D mesophase morphology in order to relieve congestion. Above this first-orderT(1) temperature a chain-extended –P=N– chain backbone morphology transforms into an isotropic phase at the melting temperatureT _m. When cooled, samples transform into the mesostate. However, crystallization from the mesophase belowT(1) takes place into a 3D orthorhombic state. These two modes of ordering/disordering are in accordance with (i) a hexatic chain packing [betweenT(1) andT _m] with variously mobile side groups that also exhibits smectic features when mesogenic side groups are present and (ii) a 3D orthorhombic structure of high crystallinity belowT(1). The initial monoclinic phase is accessible only via a solution crystallization route. Solid-state MAS NMR, crystallization kinetic measurements, and optical microscopy studies obtained from oriented and unoriented polymers have been especially germane in providing a unifying picture for mesophase formation and ordering in polyoxyphosphazenes. X-ray and electron diffraction evidence is complicated by critical overlapping peaks that are found under these same conditions. They demonstrate that (a) positional disorder exists along the chain direction and (b) the side chain above, as well as below, theT(1) transition is governed by the mobility, size, and type of side group in circumstances where phase transformations occur.     

回转体头部压力分布规律及其对转捩点的影响

以圆头回转体为研究对象,头部线型采用双参数椭圆曲线,利用面元法求解绕流势流流场,利用F.W.Scholkemeier的积分方法,确定该压力分布下的层流边界层,利用P.S.Granville方法求解边界层转捩点.通过变换头部线型参数,以最小压力系数绝对值的下降方向为搜索方向,研究不同头型压力分布的变化规律及其对转捩点的影响.结果表明:最小压力系数绝对值越小的头型其最小压力点离头部驻点的距离越近;不同头型的转捩点不光与其压力分布有关,而且还与其头部长径比有关.     

IPv4过渡到IPv6中的相关技术的研究

IPv4成熟的网络应用被IPv6完全取代需要一个过渡阶段。本文在分析IPv6特征后,详细介绍了三种过渡技术,并分析说明三种过渡技术组网的困难。     

均苯四甲酸过渡金属配合物的合成及表征

用均匀沉淀法合成了均苯四甲酸过渡金属配合物。利用热重、元素分析和红外光谱仪对所制得的4种配合物进行了表征。通过热重和元素分析得到了其配合物的通式。由热重-微商曲线得到, 4 种无水配合物的热稳定性次序为Zn₂(C₁₀H ₂O₈)>Cd₂ (C₁₀ H₂O₈)>Mn₂(C₁₀ H ₂O₈)>Cu₂ (C₁₀ H ₂O₈)。红外光谱分析表明, M₂(C₁₀ H ₂O₈)· nH₂O 中羧酸盐基团除锌盐的配位键可能为桥式配位外, 其余均为双齿配位。     

扁挤压筒过渡曲面建模

为改善铝型材挤压过程中金属流动状况,通过引入流函数法建立基于流曲线的扁挤压筒型腔到模口之间过渡曲面的边界条件;同时采用保角映射方法,描述扁挤压筒型腔及模口处轮廓分别向单位圆的映射关系,构造过渡曲面入口和出口复杂图形的解析函数,解决了复杂三维模型向准三维对称模型的转换问题。两者结合得到过渡曲面上各点的流线方程,完成对过渡曲面的数学描述。为验证新构建曲面的合理性,对一矩形壁板成形过程进行模拟。结果表明：流线型过渡曲面有利于金属流动,并且有利于降低型腔面上的法向压力,可减少磨损、提高模具寿命。     

A novel sheet metal forming method—Millipede forming

Millipede forming, a novel sheet metal forming method, has been proposed and developed recently to overcome fundamental limitations in conventional roll forming. For this new method, there are two main aspects: use of an optimal transitional surface and implementation of a method to feed the strip through the transition surface. Achieving the optimal transitional surface involves defining the change of surface shape between a flat strip and a final shaped product conceptualised to the strip's mid-surface, regardless of the strip's thickness.In this paper, one method of implementing a transition surface, Millipede forming, is introduced. A prototype has been built to demonstrate the working principle and can be used to produce some simple profiles, within a short forming length of 200 mm.     

On the suitability of steady RANS CFD for forced mixing ventilation at transitional slot Reynolds numbers

Accurate prediction of ventilation flow is of primary importance for designing a healthy, comfortable, and energy‐efficient indoor environment. Since the 1970s, the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has increased tremendously, and nowadays, it is one of the primary methods to assess ventilation flow in buildings. The most commonly used numerical approach consists of solving the steady Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations with a turbulence model to provide closure. This article presents a detailed validation study of steady RANS for isothermal forced mixing ventilation of a cubical enclosure driven by a transitional wall jet. The validation is performed using particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements for slot Reynolds numbers of 1000 and 2500. Results obtained with the renormalization group (RNG) k‐ε model, a low‐Reynolds k‐ε model, the shear stress transport (SST) k‐ω model, and a Reynolds stress model (RSM) are compared with detailed experimental data. In general, the RNG k‐ε model shows the weakest performance, whereas the low‐Re k‐ε model shows the best agreement with the measurements. In addition, the influence of the turbulence model on the predicted air exchange efficiency in the cubical enclosure is analyzed, indicating differences up to 44% for this particular case.