休闲果园的硬质园林景观设计元素

本文针对过分重视功能立项而忽视休闲果园景观设计的现象,将景观生态学、园林美学、古典造园学以及现代美术构成理念引入到休闲果园的景观设计之中,并就其硬质园林景观设计元素的基本内容、原则与方法作了阐述与论证。     

Copper accumulation in soils from two different‐aged apricot orchards in Central Otago,New Zealand

In recent years there has been a move in New Zealand to convert small, uneconomic orchards to other agricultural uses. Overseas research has demonstrated that copper from fungicide sprays often accumulates in the soils of orchards and can cause certain problems for plant growth and livestock. To date, no assessments appear to have been made of the degree of copper accumulation in such older orchards in New Zealand. This study presents the results of an assessment of two well‐established apricot orchards in the Central Otago region of South Island, New Zealand.

Two aspects of the results are surprising. The first is the relatively low levels of copper in the soil when compared with results from another orchard in the region. That orchard is 18 years old and mean soil copper has already reached 100.0 μg/g, indicating a much faster rate of accumulation than in the two orchards in the current study. The second unexpected result is that the younger orchard has a significantly higher level of copper than the older orchard. Reasons for these findings are discussed in relation to apparent differences in soil properties.     

Effects of urea fertigation of apple trees on soil pH,exchangeable cations and extractable manganese in a sandy loam soil in New Zealand

Changes in soil pH, exchangeable aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) and extractable manganese (Mn) were investigated after urea fertigation of a sandy loam soil in an apple orchard in New Zealand. Urea at three rates (0, 25, 50 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 or 0, 16.9, 33.8 g N emitter^–1 yr^–1) was applied in 4 equal fertigations. Soil cores at 4 profile depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm) directly below and 20 cm from the emitter were sampled approximately 4 weeks after each fertigation and in the following winter. Results obtained showed that the largest changes in soil pH and cations occurred in soils directly below the emitter in the 50 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 treatment where the soil pH decreased by 1.6 pH units at all soil depths. The lowest pH of 4.3 was observed at a depth of 27 cm. Exchangeable Al and extractable Mn levels increased to 11 meq kg^–1 and 78µg g^–1 respectively. Estimated losses of Ca, Mg and K from the upper soil profile depth (0–10 cm) represented 23, 63 and 27% of their respective total exchangeable levels. At lower profile depths (>20 cm), accumulation of displaced K was evident. Variable, and generally non-significant, chemical changes recorded in soils 20 cm from the emitter were attributed to restricted lateral water movement, and therefore urea movement, down the profile.The present study showed that one season of urea fertigation by trickle emitters, applied to a sandy loam, at half the rate conventionally applied to apple orchards (50 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1) resulted in pH and mineral element imbalances which were potentially and sufficiently severe to inhibit tree growth.     

红壤坡地果园产流产沙及氮磷流失对坡面水土保持措施的响应

坡地果园随降雨-径流-侵蚀-养分输出过程所带来的土地生产力衰退及水体污染是制约红壤丘陵区经济发展和生态安全的关键问题之一.为明确降雨条件和水土保持措施对产流产沙和氮磷流失特征的定量影响,本研究以江西水土保持生态科技园2020-2022年的坡地果园径流小区次降雨-径流观测数据为基础,分析不同水土保持措施下降雨量、降雨强度对含沙量、径流系数的定量影响,进而分析产流产沙与氮磷流失的定量关系.研究结果表明:(1)不同水土保持措施下,含沙量、径流系数随降雨量、雨强的变化趋势存在差异,带状植草(S1)、全园植草(S2)、水平梯田(S3)、水平梯田+梯壁植草(S4)相比清耕对照(CK)的平均含沙量分别降低17.8％、42.3％、22.6％、47.9％,平均径流系数分别降低60％、71.8％、26.4％、56.4％,植被措施相比工程措施能更好地调节径流,工程措施相比植被措施能更好地拦截泥沙;(2)在S1、S2、S3、S4、CK条件下,可溶性总氮/总氮(STN/TN)分别为 48.2％、45.6％、44.2％、45.9％、45.7％,可溶性总磷/总磷(STP/TP)分别为 52.9％、50.0％、47.2％、45.2％、47.4％,表明不同措施相比对照条件,氮磷的流失形态并未出现显著的变化;(3)S1、S2、S3、S4相比CK,TN的平均浓度变化分别为-8.2％、-13.4％、15.0％、-12.1％,STN的平均浓度变化分别为-3.2％、-13.6％、11.4％、-11.7％,TP的平均浓度变化分别为-10.5％、-21.0％、39.5％、10.5％,STP的平均浓度变化分别为0、-16.7％、38.9％、5.5％,相比工程措施,植被措施对于氮磷流失浓度的控制能起到更为关键的作用.研究成果对于红壤丘陵区果园坡地水土保持措施合理布设具有重要意义.     

果园节水灌溉示范工程设计方案——以潮安县绵德园水果生产基地为例

潮安县山地多,山坡地果园占大多数,且多数无灌溉条件。有时遭受干旱的威胁,对增产影响很大。节水灌溉是调整农业产业结构、实现水土资源合理利用、改善生态环境、促进经济发展和增产增收的重要举措,利用其对潮安县绵德园水果生产基地进行设计,发挥示范作用,从而推进节水事业的发展,实现水资源的可持续开发利用。     

晋西王家沟流域水源现状及旱地果园用水模式探析

通过调查分析晋西王家沟流域水源现状及人畜用水情况，提出了该区旱地果园的用水模式，即旱井集流节水栽培技术模式，这一模式首先利用现代材料和传统技术相结合的旱井修筑马天然降水贮存于旱井之中，然后采用节水保墒技术，充分把有限集流用于果园生产，提高了水的利用率和果园效益。     

土工格室生态柔性挡墙的应用与研究现状

介绍了一种新型的土工格室生态柔性挡墙,阐述了土工格室在柔性挡墙中的工作机理以及土工格室生态柔性挡墙的研究现状,并总结了目前研究中存在的一些问题。     

苹果园的测土配方施肥技术

在一定的目标产量区间里,苹果园氮、磷、钾肥的施用量与土壤中氮、磷、钾养分含量呈负的线性关系：根据烟台地区苹果生产实践,总结提出了养分施用量与土壤养分含量、目标产量的线性函数公式,可方便求得苹果的适宜基、追施N、P2O5、K2O量。     

绿色生态住宅小区浅议

本文从能源、水、气、声、光、热、绿化、废弃物管理与处置 ,绿色建筑材料系统等几个方面论述了绿色生态住宅小区应达到的技术和标准 ,以规范绿色生态住宅小区的开发与建设 ,同时提醒消费者在购房时应注意辨别真伪 ,以防上当受骗     

沼液水肥一体化防堵塞灌溉系统在蜜桔园的推广应用研究

本文提出一种沼液水肥一体化防堵塞灌溉系统,并在新余市罗坊沼气站的蜜桔园进行推广应用。结果表明：在经过较长时间运行后流量未见明显损失,仍能保持原有效率,沼液过滤系统能够很好地将大中小固体颗粒除去,不易堵塞,保证处理后沼液满足作物正常生长使用。采用沼液水肥一体化防堵塞灌溉系统每亩平均减少肥料量50%,每亩产量平均增产2.8%,节本增收的经济效益平均每亩可达245.5元,经济效益显著,该沼液水肥一体化防堵塞灌溉系统适宜在南方果园推广应用。