Effects of urea fertigation of apple trees on soil pH,exchangeable cations and extractable manganese in a sandy loam soil in New Zealand

Changes in soil pH, exchangeable aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) and extractable manganese (Mn) were investigated after urea fertigation of a sandy loam soil in an apple orchard in New Zealand. Urea at three rates (0, 25, 50 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 or 0, 16.9, 33.8 g N emitter^–1 yr^–1) was applied in 4 equal fertigations. Soil cores at 4 profile depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm) directly below and 20 cm from the emitter were sampled approximately 4 weeks after each fertigation and in the following winter. Results obtained showed that the largest changes in soil pH and cations occurred in soils directly below the emitter in the 50 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 treatment where the soil pH decreased by 1.6 pH units at all soil depths. The lowest pH of 4.3 was observed at a depth of 27 cm. Exchangeable Al and extractable Mn levels increased to 11 meq kg^–1 and 78µg g^–1 respectively. Estimated losses of Ca, Mg and K from the upper soil profile depth (0–10 cm) represented 23, 63 and 27% of their respective total exchangeable levels. At lower profile depths (>20 cm), accumulation of displaced K was evident. Variable, and generally non-significant, chemical changes recorded in soils 20 cm from the emitter were attributed to restricted lateral water movement, and therefore urea movement, down the profile.The present study showed that one season of urea fertigation by trickle emitters, applied to a sandy loam, at half the rate conventionally applied to apple orchards (50 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1) resulted in pH and mineral element imbalances which were potentially and sufficiently severe to inhibit tree growth.     

日本草在南方红壤山边沟果园套种适应性研究

通过对南方红壤山边沟果园套种日本草适应性的研究,发现新开山边沟果园4月套种日本草扦插苗当年的6月分萌数可达6条,8月可达16条,第二年的7月能达11.4条;当年6月干草量可达5 308 kg/hm2,8月达8 523 kg/hm2,比套种百喜草分别低2.61%、13.78%,种植第二年7月达17 333 kg/hm2,比百喜草增加8.33%;当年6月草层厚度可达25 cm,比百喜草低19.35%,当年8月达49 cm,种植第二年7月达46 cm,分别比百喜草高6.52%、2.2%;当年6月覆盖率可达55%,比百喜草低15.38%,当年8月达100%,比百喜草高2.04%,种植第二年7月与百喜草一样达100%;套种日本草当年土壤流失率比裸地减少79.41%,同时能有效改善果园的生态环境.     

高技派建筑生态化倾向浅议

高技派建筑发轫于二十世纪六十年代,现已发展成为当代建筑界的重要流派之一。在二十世纪末,它出现了分化现象,其中生态化倾向是发展的主流,具有相当大的影响。本文从分析现象出发,解析了高技派建筑生态化倾向出现的表现、动因以及对于高技生态建筑的形象评判,并重点分析了高反生态建筑运用技术的特点和方法。     

Copper accumulation in soils from two different‐aged apricot orchards in Central Otago,New Zealand

In recent years there has been a move in New Zealand to convert small, uneconomic orchards to other agricultural uses. Overseas research has demonstrated that copper from fungicide sprays often accumulates in the soils of orchards and can cause certain problems for plant growth and livestock. To date, no assessments appear to have been made of the degree of copper accumulation in such older orchards in New Zealand. This study presents the results of an assessment of two well‐established apricot orchards in the Central Otago region of South Island, New Zealand.

Two aspects of the results are surprising. The first is the relatively low levels of copper in the soil when compared with results from another orchard in the region. That orchard is 18 years old and mean soil copper has already reached 100.0 μg/g, indicating a much faster rate of accumulation than in the two orchards in the current study. The second unexpected result is that the younger orchard has a significantly higher level of copper than the older orchard. Reasons for these findings are discussed in relation to apparent differences in soil properties.     

土工格室生态柔性挡墙的应用与研究现状

介绍了一种新型的土工格室生态柔性挡墙,阐述了土工格室在柔性挡墙中的工作机理以及土工格室生态柔性挡墙的研究现状,并总结了目前研究中存在的一些问题。     

休闲果园的硬质园林景观设计元素

本文针对过分重视功能立项而忽视休闲果园景观设计的现象,将景观生态学、园林美学、古典造园学以及现代美术构成理念引入到休闲果园的景观设计之中,并就其硬质园林景观设计元素的基本内容、原则与方法作了阐述与论证。     

沼液水肥一体化防堵塞灌溉系统在蜜桔园的推广应用研究

本文提出一种沼液水肥一体化防堵塞灌溉系统,并在新余市罗坊沼气站的蜜桔园进行推广应用。结果表明：在经过较长时间运行后流量未见明显损失,仍能保持原有效率,沼液过滤系统能够很好地将大中小固体颗粒除去,不易堵塞,保证处理后沼液满足作物正常生长使用。采用沼液水肥一体化防堵塞灌溉系统每亩平均减少肥料量50%,每亩产量平均增产2.8%,节本增收的经济效益平均每亩可达245.5元,经济效益显著,该沼液水肥一体化防堵塞灌溉系统适宜在南方果园推广应用。     

可编程控制器在水库枇杷园区生态保护中的应用

本设计将采用可编程控制器在枇杷园区实施灌溉施肥自动控制,灌溉施肥方式为分组轮灌。灌水量和施肥量的控制要求采用自动控制系统,有控制器自动定时,按序开关各灌溉区的供水电磁阀。     

模拟酸雨对荔枝果园土壤磷素等温吸附与解吸特性的影响

采用等温吸附试验方法研究了模拟酸雨对荔枝果园土壤磷的吸附与解吸特性的影响。试验结果表明,不同处理间土壤对磷的最大吸附量(Xm)为pH2.5>pH4.5>CK=pH6.5,其中pH2.5的酸雨淋溶处理对磷的最大吸附量(Xm)与其它处理间差异显著;土壤吸附磷的解吸量(Xd)分别与相应的吸附量(X)和原平衡溶液浓度(C)呈显著的指数相关和线性相关,随着土壤对吸附量的增加,土壤磷的解吸量呈指数增长。     

果园节水灌溉示范工程设计方案——以潮安县绵德园水果生产基地为例

潮安县山地多,山坡地果园占大多数,且多数无灌溉条件。有时遭受干旱的威胁,对增产影响很大。节水灌溉是调整农业产业结构、实现水土资源合理利用、改善生态环境、促进经济发展和增产增收的重要举措,利用其对潮安县绵德园水果生产基地进行设计,发挥示范作用,从而推进节水事业的发展,实现水资源的可持续开发利用。