Fe calculations of stress fields from cracks located at the fusion line of weldments

This paper investigates the stress fields for a crack located at the fusion line of a weldment. The strength mis-matching and the size of the HAZ were varied, and the corresponding distribution of the maximum principal stress was examined. The weld metal strength was globally overmatched with respect to the base material, but locally over- and undermatched with respect to the heat affected zone. Three cases of mis-match were compared, and it was found that reducing the strength of the HAZ lowered the maximum principal stresses.     

10CrNi3MoV钢低匹配对接接头的拉伸疲劳性能

通过余高削平的10CrNi3MoV钢低匹配对接接头的拉伸和脉动拉伸疲劳试验,研究了匹配比对高强钢对接接头力学性能的影响,给出了匹配比与削平对接接头疲劳强度及寿命的关系方程.结果表明,随匹配比降低,削平对接接头抗拉强度、断后伸长率和疲劳强度降低,但匹配比对接头抗拉强度影响较小,对断后伸长率和疲劳强度影响较大;由于焊缝冶金强化和力学强化效应的作用,接头抗拉强度和疲劳强度远高于焊缝熔敷金属本身.匹配比过低的焊接结构缺少满足需要的塑性储备,以接头断裂模式为标准,进行了匹配比下限值的初步界定.     

Effects of biaxial loading on crack driving force and constraints for shallow semi-elliptical surface flaws

This paper presents numerical studies on strength mis-match effects in welded joints. Crack growth in a mis-matched single edge notched specimen under pure bending, with a crack lying at the center line of the weld metal, is simulated via a two-dimensional plane strain finite element analysis (FEA). The fracture process is modeled using a cohesive zone model (CZM). The work is focussed on the effects of yield strength mis-match as well as thickness of the weld metal on fracture resistance and load-deformation for both under- and overmatched specimens. Weld metal mis-match is achieved by keeping the same weld metal and changing the strength of the base metal. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Some issues in life assessment of longitudinal seam welds based on creep tests with cross-weld specimens

In order to reduce production costs, it is of great interest to use longitudinal seam welds when manufacturing large diameter pipes. The cost reduction can be as high as 30%. However, severe inservice accidents for this type of pipes working in the creep regime have occurred mainly due to mismatch in weldment creep properties.

In many cases, creep tests of cross-weld specimens, taken from the seam weld, are used to predict the behaviour of the seam weld, assuming that the creep behaviour of specimen and weldment is equivalent. Experiences of this procedure indicate that further knowledge is required before translation between specimen and component can be made.

In the present paper, both full scale seam welded pipes and cross-weld specimens are studied with the damage mechanics concept using finite element, FE, technique. The same mechanical model of multiple material zones is used for the two components. Both the influence of differences in creep properties between the weldment constituents and the size effect of the cross-weld specimen, are studied.

It is found that the cross-weld test results can not directly be translated to the full scale component. Factors such as the creep properties and the relative geometry of the weldment constituents and the size of the cross-weld specimen have to be considered when performing creep life assessment.     

Strength mis-match effect on limit loads for circumferential surface cracked pipes

The present work provides mis-match limit loads for welded pipes with constant-depth, circumferential part-through surface cracks in the centre of the weld metal. As limiting cases, circumferential through-wall and fully circumferential cracks are also considered. Based on systematic finite element limit analyses, mis-match limit loads are quantified by the strength mis-match ratio and only one geometry-related slenderness parameter, not requiring additional geometry-related parameters. This implies that mis-match limit loads for surface cracked pipes can be found from those for idealized axi-symmetric problems, which offers significant benefit in assessment of surface cracks in welds of pipes.     

A limit load solution for highly weld strength undermatched DE(T) specimens

A new upper bound solution for highly undermatched welded DE(T) specimens is proposed. A distinguished feature of this solution is that it accounts for the thickness of the specimen. Even though this case is more general than plane-strain and plane-stress solutions, the final result is given in terms of ordinary and double integrals. Comparison with a plane strain solution shows that the thickness of the specimen has a great effect of the limit load.     

Effects of geometry and combined loading on steady-state creep stresses in welded branches

In our previous paper, it was found that the mis-match effect in creep on steady-state stresses within the weld metal for a large bore branch junction could be uniquely quantified by the mis-match factor defined as a function of the creep stress exponent and the ratio of creep constants for the base and weld materials. Furthermore ratios of section-averaged (effective and maximum principal) stresses for the mis-matched case to those for the even-matched case were linearly dependent on the mis-match factor. Above results were obtained for a specific branch geometry under single loading. This paper extends our previous analysis to other branch geometries and to combined loading. It is found that above conclusions can be applied to general branch components under combined loading.     

强度失配对接接头残余应力分布的有限元预测

针对高强钢的低匹配接头应用,采用有限元计算的方法,考察了匹配比、盖面焊道加宽对对接接头残余应力分布的影响.结果表明,强度匹配的影响虽仅限于包围焊缝的小区域,但该小区域包含了疲劳破坏的所有危险区域;随匹配比增加,焊趾横向残余应力降低,纵向残余应力增加;随焊道加宽低匹配对接接头的横向残余应力和纵向残余应力仅稍有增加,但峰值位置改变,普通低匹配对接接头横向残余应力峰值位于母材区,而焊道加宽的等承载设计对接接头横向残余应力峰值位于焊趾.     

Effect of strength mis-match and dynamic loading on ductile fracture initiation

It has been well known that ductile fracture of steels is accelerated by triaxial stresses. The characteristics of ductile crack initiation in steels are evaluated quantitatively using a two-parameter criterion based on equivalent plastic strain and stress triaxiality.The present study focuses on the effects of geometrical discontinuity, strength mis-match, which can elevate plastic constraint due to heterogeneous plastic straining, and loading rate on the critical condition for ductile fracture initiation using a two-parameter criterion. Fracture initiation testing has been conducted under static and dynamic loading using circumferentially notched round-bar specimens. In order to evaluate the stress/strain state in the specimens, especially under dynamic loading, a thermal elastic-plastic dynamic finite element (FE) analysis considering the temperature rise due to plastic deformation has been carried out.The tensile tests on specimens with an undermatching interlayer showed that the relationship between the critical equivalent plastic strain to initiate ductile fracture and stress triaxiality was equivalent to that obtained on homogeneous specimens under static loading. Moreover, the two-parameter criterion for ductile fracture initiation is shown to be independent of the loading rate. It was demonstrated that the critical global strain to initiate ductile fracture in specimens with strength mis-match under various loading rate can be estimated based on the local criterion, that is two-parameter criterion obtained on homogeneous specimens under static tension, by mean of FE-analysis taken into account accurately both strength mis-match and dynamic loading effects on stress/strain behaviors.     

不同MPPT架构光伏系统发电效率的比较研究

光伏系统的MPPT架构有集中式、组串式和分布式三种类型.不同MPPT架构光伏系统组件串并联结构不同,对局部阴影和组件参数失配产生的输出功率损失表现出的抑制能力不一样,发电效率有明显差别.本文对不同MPPT架构光伏系统的发电效率进行比较研究,结果表明因局部阴影与组件参数失配影响,分布式MPPT光伏系统年均发电量比集中式MPPT光伏系统提高约4.65%～19.62%,比组串式MPPT光伏系统提高约2.64%～12.86%,具体数值随发生阴影时间比例、参数失配幅度增大而变大,且与具体阴影情形有关.