Synthesis of the Silver Nanofluid by ASNSS Process

Arc Spray Nanoparticle Synthesis System (ASNSS) has been used to prepare the silver nanofluids in this study. The metal electrodes under the electrical discharge will melt and evaporate rapidly and condense to form the nanoparticles in the dielectric fluid at lower temperature and produce the suspended nanoparticle fluid. Thus, the mechanism of the ASNSS process is superheating the electrodes by plasma to form metallic nuclei and supercooling these nuclei by dielectric liquid to produce nanofluid. This study considers the different controlling parameters such as discharge current,discharge voltage, pulse-duration time, electrode diameter, and the temperature of dielectric liquid. The optimally operated parameters can be obtained to produce the finer particle size in nanofluid. The results indicate the silver electrodes in alcohol fluid will produce the spherical nanosilver particles. The mean particle size of silver in different dielectric liquid temperatures of-40, -20, 0, and 10℃ is about13.4, 15.8, 17.5, and 21.6 nm, respectively. This indicates that the well suspended fluid can be obtained by controlling the lower dielectric fluid temperature.     

碳钢电极在Al_2O_3纳米流体中的腐蚀行为研究

采用电化学阻抗谱和极化曲线研究了碳钢电极在以模拟冷却水为基液的Al_2O_3纳米流体中的腐蚀行为.实验结果表明,Al_2O_3纳米颗粒对碳钢的腐蚀有一定的抑制作用;Al_2O_3纳米流体中碳钢电极的耐蚀性能随着温度的升高而降低,添加分散剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)对碳钢也有一定的缓蚀作用,当SDBS的用量超过一定值时,对碳钢的缓蚀性能开始下降.     

Phase change characteristics of ethylene glycol solution‐based nanofluids for subzero thermal energy storage

Nanofluids, particularly water‐based nanofluids, have been extensively studied as liquid–solid phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage (TES). In this study, nanofluids with aqueous ethylene glycol (EG) solution as the base fluid are proposed as a novel PCM for cold thermal energy storage. Nanofluids were prepared by dispersing 0.1–0.4 wt% TiO₂ nanoparticles into 12, 22, and 34 vol.% EG solutions. The dispersion stability of the nanofluids was evaluated by Turbiscan Lab. The liquid–solid phase change characteristics of the nanofluids were also investigated. Phase change temperature (PCT), nucleation temperature, and half freezing time (HFT) were investigated in freezing experiments. Subcooling degree and HFT reduction were then calculated. Latent heat of solidification was measured using differential scanning calorimetry. Thermal conductivity was determined using the hot disk thermal constant analyzer. Experimental results show that the nanoparticles decreased the PCT of 34 vol.% EG solution but minimally influenced the PCT of 12 and 22 vol.% EG solutions. For all nanofluids, the nanoparticles decreased the subcooling degree, HFT, and latent heat but increased the thermal conductivity of the EG solutions. The mechanism of the improvement of the phase change characteristics and decrease in latent heat by the nanoparticles was discussed. The nanoparticles simultaneously served as nucleating agent that induced crystal nucleation and as impurities that disturbed the growth of water crystals in EG solution‐based nanofluids. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Phase-change heat transfer of single/hybrid nanoparticles-enhanced phase-change materials over a heated horizontal cylinder confined in a square cavity

The melting process of a nano-enhanced phase-change material is investigated in a square cavity with a hot cylinder located in the middle of the cavity in the presence of both single and hybrid nanoparticles. The dimensionless partial differential equations are solved numerically using the Galerkin finite element method using a grid with 6000 quadrilateral elements. The effects of the volume fraction of nanoparticles, the Fourier number, the thermal conductivity parameter, and the viscosity parameters are studied. The results show that the solid-liquid interface and the liquid fraction are significantly affected by the volume fraction of nanoparticles and the thermal conductivity parameter. Additionally, it is found that the melting rate is much larger when the Fourier number changes between 0 and 0.5 and a further increase in the Fourier number causes a reduction in the rate of the melting.     

Modeling and Optimization of Nanofluid Flow in Flat Tubes Using a Combination of CFD and Response Surface Methodology

In this paper, modeling and optimization of Al₂O₃–water nanofluid flow in horizontal flat tubes is performed using a combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and response surface methodology (RSM). At first, nanofluid flow is solved numerically in various flat tubes using CFD techniques and the heat transfer coefficient () and pressure drop () in tubes are calculated. The numerical simulations are performed using two phase mixture model by FORTRAN programming language. The flow regime and the wall boundary conditions are assumed to be laminar and constant heat flux respectively. In the second step, numerical data of the previous step will be used for a parametric study, modeling and optimization of nanofluid flow in flat tubes using the RSM technique.It is shown that the results include important design information on nanofluid parameters in flat tubes. The important design information about the relationship between design variables and responses will not be achieved without the simultaneous use of CFD and optimization approaches.     

Hydrodynamic and heat transfer properties of magnetic fluid in porous medium considering nanoparticle shapes and magnetic field-dependent viscosity

The purpose of this paper is to study the characteristics of the combined convection heat transfer and a micropolar nanofluid flow passing through an impermeable stretching sheet in a porous medium. The nanofluid flow field is affected by a magnetic field perpendicular to the sheet. The dynamic viscosity of the micropolar nanofluid changes under the influence of the magnetic field. The continuity, linear momentum, angular momentum, and energy equations are first simplified using the order of magnitude technique that, along with the applied boundary conditions and the definition of the appropriate parameters, are transferred to the similarity space using the similarity analysis. Then the resulting equations are solved using the Runge–Kutta method.The distinction of the macroscale and microscale flow fields and temperature fields resulting from different nanoparticle shapes was clarified. Increasing the Hartmann number, the vortex viscosity parameter, the magnetic parameter, the nanoparticle volume fraction, and the permeability parameter of the porous media increased the surface friction on the sheet. Increasing the vortex viscosity parameter, the magnetic parameter, and the volume fraction of the nanoparticles increases the Nusselt number.     

太阳能加热液滴在亲疏水表面"黏-滑"蒸发

实验研究了亲水和疏水表面上太阳能加热去离子水及金纳米流体液滴三相接触线动力学。在亲水和疏水表面滴加2μL去离子水和纳米流体液滴,用一定功率太阳能模拟器照射液滴使其蒸发,期间采用高速摄像机实时记录液滴在不同表面上的蒸发过程。由MATLAB程序处理图像得到液滴在不同表面上蒸发过程中接触角和接触圆直径的动态变化过程。发现液滴接触线在不同亲疏水表面上存在不同运动特性。去离子水液滴在亲水表面上常接触面积模式和常接触角模式依次控制蒸发过程。去离子水液滴在疏水表面上都呈现出“黏-滑”蒸发特性,即液滴先以常接触面积模式蒸发,之后接触线快速滑动,接触线固定后再以常接触面积模式蒸发,依次往复。纳米流体液滴在亲水表面上主要以常接触面积蒸发模式为主,在疏水表面上同样呈现“黏-滑”蒸发特性。从液滴表面能角度出发,对液滴接触线“钉扎”和“去钉扎”过程进行详尽分析,得出基底润湿性和纳米颗粒沉积是影响液滴接触线在表面上运动的重要因素。     

Thermal Analysis of Nanofluids on the Thin Film Evaporation of Meniscus

A mathematical model for predicting evaporation in the thin film region was developed and its analytical solutions were obtained for thin‐film thickness, the heat transport per unit length and the total heat flux transport in the thin‐film region. These analytical solutions show that the higher heat flux through the thin film region occurs due to the higher superheat. The maximum evaporative rate occurs when the effects of the increase in the temperature difference and in the thin film thickness on the heat flux q stay equal. A nanofluid, which is a colloidal mixture of nanoparticles (1 nm to 100 nm) and a base liquid (nanoparticle fluid suspensions), is employed as the working fluid. In a certain range, increasing the volume fraction of nanoparticles in the base fluid leads to decreasing the kinematic viscosity of the nanofluid and increasing the thermal conductivity, which influences the evaporation in the thin film region. The heat transfer rate per unit length and the total heat flux in the thin film region display various characteristics among the different type of nanofluids due to the differences of the kinematic viscosity and the thermal conductivity.     

Numerical investigation of the effects of geometric parameters of heaters on mixed covection in a lid‐driven cavity filled with different nanofluids

In this paper, the effects of the thicknesses and locations of two rectangular heaters, located on the bottom and one side of on an enclosure, on mixed convection of nanofluid flows in a lid‐driven cavity are numerically investigated. The enclosure is simultaneously heated partially by these two heaters which have similar or different thicknesses and also filled with different nanofluids containing nanoparticles of Cu, Ag, Al₂O₃, and TiO₂ within the base fluid of water. A finite volume approach by the SIMPLE algorithm is used to solve the governing equations. The effects of different Rayleigh numbers (), Reynolds numbers (), solid volume fractions (), heater lengths (), heater locations () and heater thicknesses () on the streamlines, isotherms and the average Nusselt number along two heaters are studied accurately. Also, variations of average Nusselt number of two heaters are considered whenever one heater is fixed and the other heater moves along on the wall. Moreover, variations of the length of one heater on the average Nusselt number are also studied whenever the length of the other heater is fixed. In addition, variations of the thickness of one heater on the average Nusselt number are studied whenever the thickness of the other heater is fixed.     

多孔泡沫内纳米流体非平衡传热及体积分数分布

研究了纳米流体在金属泡沫内的对流换热,建立了局部非热平衡数学模型,得到了金属泡沫内纳米流体速度、温度和纳米颗粒体积分数分布,分析了纳米流体和金属泡沫的强化换热效果。当使用纳米流体或在通道内填充金属泡沫时,截面速度和温度变得更均匀。随着纳米颗粒体积分数的增大,努塞尔数先增大然后又逐渐减小,即存在一个合适的体积分数能使换热效果达到最好;当金属泡沫孔隙率增加时努塞尔数也会减小,有利于换热的进行。纳米流体和金属泡沫对换热具有明显强化作用,但压降随纳米颗粒体积分数增大而急剧增大。此外,还考虑了布朗扩散和热泳扩散等因素的影响。