Mapping of Sahelian vegetation parameters from ERS scatterometer data with an evolution strategies algorithm

The West African Sahel rainfall regime is known for its spatio-temporal variability at different scales which has a strong impact on vegetation development. This study presents results of the combined use of a simple water balance model, a radiative transfer model and ERS scatterometer data to produce map of vegetation biomass and thus vegetation cover at a spatial resolution of 25 km. The backscattering coefficient measured by spaceborne wind scatterometers over Sahel shows a marked seasonality linked to the drastic changes of both soil and vegetation dielectric properties associated to the alternating dry and wet seasons. For lack of a direct observation, METEOSAT rainfall estimates are used to calculate temporal series of soil moisture with the help of a water balance model. This a priori information is used as input of the radiative transfer model that simulates the interaction between the radar wave and the surface components (soil and vegetation). Then, an inversion algorithm is applied to retrieve vegetation aerial mass from the ERS scatterometer data. Because of the nonlinear feature of the inverse problem to be solved, the inversion is performed using a global stochastic nonlinear inversion method. A good agreement is obtained between the inverse solutions and independent field measurements with mean and standard deviation of −54 and 130 kg of dry matter by hectare (kg DM/ha), respectively. The algorithm is then applied to a 350,000 km² area including the Malian Gourma and Seno region and a Sahelian part of Burkina Faso during two contrasted seasons (1999 and 2000). At the considered resolution, the obtained herbaceous mass maps show a global qualitative consistency (r²=0.71) with NDVI images acquired by the VEGETATION instrument.     

HY-2 雷达高度计和微波散射计

海洋动力环境卫星(HY22) 是一种获取海洋动力环境信息的专用对地遥感卫星, 计划中的我国第一颗海洋动力环境卫星(HY22A ) 以微波遥感器为主, 包括一台雷达高度计、一台微波散射计和一台多通道微波辐射计。介绍HY22 雷达高度计和微波散射计的系统设计和主要技术指标。
     

Surface soil moisture estimation from the synergistic use of the (multi-incidence and multi-resolution) active microwave ERS Wind Scatterometer and SAR data

This paper presents an original methodology to retrieve surface (<5 cm) soil moisture over low vegetated regions using the two active microwave instruments of ERS satellites. The developed algorithm takes advantage of the multi-angular configuration and high temporal resolution of the Wind Scatterometer (WSC) combined with the SAR high spatial resolution. As a result, a mixed target model is proposed. The WSC backscattered signal may be represented as a combination of the vegetation and bare soil contributions weighted by their respective fractional covers. Over our temperate regions and time periods of interest, the vegetation signal is assumed to be principally due to forests backscattered signal. Then, thanks to the high spatial resolution of the SAR instrument, the forest contribution may be quantified from the analysis of the SAR image, and then removed from the total WSC signal in order to estimate the soil contribution. Finally, the Integral Equation Model (IEM, [IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 30 (2), (1992) 356]) is used to estimate the effect of surface roughness and to retrieve surface soil moisture from the WSC multi-angular measurements. This methodology has been developed and applied on ERS data acquired over three different Seine river watersheds in France, and for a 3-year time period. The soil moisture estimations are compared with in situ ground measurements. High correlations (R² greater than 0.8) are observed for the three study watersheds with a root mean square (rms) error smaller than 4%.     

Joint Monitoring of Ground and Sky for Cereal Crops Based on Scatterometer Measurement and ASAR Images

The joint monitoring of the ground and sky for cereal crops based on microwave data has become a popular method for researches on earth surface objects. Focused on the sensitivity of backscatter from the scatterometer measurement and advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) images to cereal parameters of rice, nine acquisitions, including rice parameters related eco-physiological variables and scattering coefficients, have been carried over the paddy field corresponding to rice growth stages. This paper analyzes the relationship between the corresponding backscatter to the cereal parameters based on the measurement at the interesting bands, polarizations, and incidence angels. Further, a modified water cloud model is built based on the ground measurement and advanced integrated equation model (AIEM), and then cereal parameters from ASAR images are retrieved and verified. The research results show that the sensitivity of backscatter to cereals from the sensor of the radar scatterometer could be helpful to build the retrieve model for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, which can achieve the scientific goals of the joint monitoring of ground and sky for cereal crops.     

用自制总积分散射仪进行SiC基底表面改性效果评估

根据总积分散射理论和工程需要自制了半球式总积分散射仪,并应用其对SiC基底表面改性的效果进行检测和评估。其优点是操作简单,方便快捷,不接触样品,对表面无损害。通过对测试数据的分析和与分光光度计的对比可知,从散射特性角度对SiC基底表面改性效果进行评估是合理有效的,该总积分散射仪的测试结果是准确可靠的。     

超光滑基片表面均方根粗糙度的测量

探讨根据测量的总积分散射定标得到表面均方根粗糙度的问题。利用基片的表面模型和积分球本身的结构特征,对测量的表面有效均方根粗糙度进行修正,得到的表面均方根粗糙度与进口表面测量仪测量得的值相差为０．１ｎｍ 左右。     

Ku波段成像散射计后向散射系数精度分析

成像微波散射计是增加了成像功能的新型散射计系统,其后向散射系数的测量精度仍然是系统的关键指标.根据成像微波散射计的系统特点,提出了基于FFT对信号与噪声进行同时测量的数字处理系统,推导了适用于衡量成像散射计后向散射系数测量精度的归一化标准差Kp .对于不同观测条件下的Kp 进行了公式描述及数值仿真.得出不同区域和不同目标观测情况下如何配置系统参数的结论,并落实到成像散射计系统的性能分析中,对如何折衷设计性能参数并在实验过程中获取最佳试验结果进行理论指导.     

星载全极化微波散射计系统仿真与性能分析

本文对全极化微波散射计遥感海面风场的原理及其特点进行研究,建立了星载全极化微波散射计的系统仿真模型.对比了SeaWinds散射计参数下全极化与同极化的风场反演质量,结果表明全极化微波散射计在星下点以及刈幅远端的区域有良好的风场反演性能,并可提升高风速条件下的风场反演精度.最后分析了极化通道隔离度对全极化散射计系统性能的影响.     

利用浮标和NWP风场对HY-2散射计联合定标验证

本文对海洋二号卫星微波散射计(Haiyang-2 Scatterometer,HY-2 SCAT)进行了海洋定标算法研究,并使用数值天气预报模型风场(Numerical Weather Prediction,NWP)和浮标数据对定标后反演风场进行联合验证.通过匹配2012年12月份的HY-2 SCAT反演风场、NWP风场及浮标的观测数据,共得到无降雨条件下的3112个25km分辨率的匹配数据.对匹配数据进行分析时,采用基于变量的误差分析方法能够得到比传统线性回归方法更精确的验证结果.选取在风场U、V分量进行联合验证能得到较在风速、风向上更为有利的验证结果.验证结果表明,经过海洋定标法之后的HY-2 SCAT测量后向散射系数的误差残余小于0.15dB,其反演风场与浮标及NWP数据相吻合,U、V分量相对浮标及NWP数据偏差均小于0.23m/s,验证了该定标算法的有效性及定标后反演风场的高精度.