SOLUBILISATION OF NITROGENOUS CONSTITUENTS OF BREWERS' SPENT GRAIN

The extraction of nitrogenous material from Brewers' spent grain (BSG) by solvents (water, sodium chloride solution, aqueous alcohol, acidic and alkaline solutions) commonly used to extract cereal proteins, resulted in the relatively low (0·2 to 8·5%) recovery of the total nitrogen. The recovery of nitrogenous material by the use of aqueous alkaline solutions was increased from 3–4% to 41% when the BSG was subjected to cellulase incubation prior to extraction. Approximately 75% of the nitrogen was solubilized with trifluoracetic acid. Detergent solutions (acid, neutral) solubilized more than 80% of the total nitrogen of the BSG. The low solubility of the nitrogenous constituents by conventional protein solvents could be the result of association between cellulosic material and protein.     

Effect of high temperature alkali cooking on the constituents,structure and thermal degradation of hemp fiber

Degumming of hemp fiber by high temperature alkali cooking was investigated, and the effect of temperature and dosage of alkali on the constituents, structure, and thermal degradation of hemp fiber was also discussed in this work. The morphology, structure, and thermal degradation of hemp fiber after high temperature cooking were investigated through SEM, FTIR, WAXD, and TG analysis. The results indicated that the high temperature cooking process was effective for removing hemicelluloses and lignin and could also improve the thermal stability of cellulose. Crystallinity index of the treated hemp fiber was increased, which was related to the cooking temperature and NaOH dosage. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

水泥的品质和混凝土质量的关系(上)

在传统上，混凝土是按强度进行设计的，对混凝土的质量的最终标准主要是强度，因此混凝土生产者对水泥品质的要求也是强调强度；强度越高的水泥被认为质量也越高，如此的发展，造成近年来混凝土结构出现裂缝尤其是早期开裂的现象日益普遍。其原因很复杂，单从水泥来说，比表面积、矿物组成中C3A、C3S、碱含量的增加，热水泥的出厂，都增加了开裂的敏感性，降低了流变性能，是原材料中影响混凝土质量主要原因。应当把抗裂性作为水泥品质的重要要求，并限制出厂水泥的温度。     

不同地区不同等级复烤烟叶中重要致香物质的分析比较

本文采用同时蒸馏萃取(SDE)/气相色谱/质谱联用法(GC/MS)对相同品种、不同地区、不同等级复烤烟叶中的重要致香物质进行分析比较;并且对同时蒸馏萃取法进行重复性和回收率试验。结果表明相同品种、不同地区、不同等级复烤烟叶中重要致香物质的含量差别较大;同时蒸馏萃取法具有良好的重复性和较高的回收率。     

Identification of some volatile compounds in the odor of fecal pellets of the rabbit,Oryctolagus cuniculus

A study has been made of the volatile constituents in the vapors collected from fecal pellets of wild rabbits,Oryctolagus cuniculus. Measurements of changes in the heart rates of adult male rabbits exposed to the effluent of a gas chromatographic capillary column were used to indicate the presence of compounds which may be of behavioral significance. Combined with the use of high-resolution columns in gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, this approach has implicated several classes of compounds, including volatile fatty acids and phenols, which in certain absolute or relative concentrations may be involved in the formation of signals of territorial importance.     

炼焦中煤深度降灰的研究

分析了中国炼焦煤的储量及利用情况，从利用中国优质煤炭资源的角度出发，以范各庄选煤厂1．40—1．60密度级中煤为实验煤样，以氯化锌为重液，采用浮沉方法将中煤按密度分级，各密度级煤样经磨细后，采用了絮团——浮选工艺，回收各密度中的低灰精煤；探讨从范各庄选煤厂中煤中分选出优质低灰精煤的条件。经过分级及分选后，在相同的分选密度的情况下，总精煤灰分可以降到8．14％以下。     

Ionic liquids as electrolytes

Salts having a low melting point are liquid at room temperature, or even below, and form a new class of liquids usually called room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL). Information about RTILs can be found in the literature with such key words as: room temperature molten salt, low-temperature molten salt, ambient-temperature molten salt, liquid organic salt or simply ionic liquid. Their physicochemical properties are the same as high temperature ionic liquids, but the practical aspects of their maintenance or handling are different enough to merit a distinction. The class of ionic liquids, based on tetraalkylammonium cation and chloroaluminate anion, has been extensively studied since late 1970s of the XX century, following the works of Osteryoung. Systematic research on the application of chloroaluminate ionic liquids as solvents was performed in 1980s. However, ionic liquids based on aluminium halides are moisture sensitive. During the last decade an increasing number of new ionic liquids have been prepared and used as solvents. The general aim of this paper was to review the physical and chemical properties of RTILs from the point of view of their possible application as electrolytes in electrochemical processes and devices. The following points are discussed: melting and freezing, conductivity, viscosity, temperature dependence of conductivity, transport and transference numbers, electrochemical stability, possible application in aluminium electroplating, lithium batteries and in electrochemical capacitors.     

GC/MS分析鸡毛松枝精油的化学成分

为了促进罗汉松科植物鸡毛松在医药、农药和精细化工等领域中的应用,本研究利用水蒸气蒸馏法提取鸡毛松枝精油,进一步采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC/MS)方法对其化学成分进行分析,分离鉴定出18种化学成分,主要有β 石竹烯(2 03%)、大根香叶烯(61 39%)、γ 榄香烯(12 14%)、β 杜松烯(2 14%)和rimuene(7 66%)。已鉴定化合物占总离子流出峰面积的92 69%,其中大部分是萜烯类化合物。     

清香木姜子的化学成分Ⅱ

利用硅胶柱层析分离及与标准品对照等方法从清香木姜子枝叶中分离得到4个化合物,1H NMR、13C NMR等技术及理化性质鉴定为:黄堇碱(1)、二十二酸(2)、二十六酸(3)、三十酸(4)。以上化合物均系首次从该植物中分离得到。     

再加热对Fe3A1/18-8扩散焊界面附近组织结构的影响

Fe3A1/18-8扩散焊界面不均匀地分布着第二相析出物,特别是交界面处连续分布的析出相族可能直接诱发裂纹,是引起接头失效的重要因素.对Fe3A1/18-8扩散焊接头进行再加热,采用扫描电镜、能谱分析、X射线衍射等对析出相及界面相结构进行分析.结果表明,再加热后界面析出相细化且形状规则,均匀分布于Fe3A1/18-8界面,析出相族消失.界面附近的显微硬度降低,不存在高硬度脆性相.