奇可力多糖抗肿瘤作用的实验研究

目的：探讨奇可力多糖(CPS)抗肿瘤作用并初步探讨其抗肿瘤机制，为其临床应用提供实验室依据。方法：将接种肿瘤后的小鼠随机分为5组，每组10只小鼠，雌雄各半，给药10D，停药后24h处死动物，称鼠体重，剥离小鼠右腋下皮下组织，摘出肿瘤，称瘤重，测定生化指标。结果：对肉瘤(S180)、肝癌(Hep)、胃癌(MFC)细胞荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长具有明显的抑瘤作用，其中对S180作用显著，较低剂量即可显示明显作用；延长S180荷瘤鼠生存时间；同时可增加吞噬指数a、廓清指数K及胸腺系数；对体外淋巴细胞转化功能亦有增强作用。结论：CPS具有明显抗肿瘤活性。     

Better damage of chicory tissue by combined electroporation and ohmic heating for solute extraction

Damage of chicory tissue by combined electroporation and ohmic heating is studied for better solute extraction. Moderate (400–1000 V/cm) and high (10,000 V/cm) PEF treatments were applied varying pause duration between the trains of individual pulses. Ohmic heating was induced with increase of the number of trains N. Temperature dependence of tissue damage degree Z is evaluated for the different PEF intensities. With higher ohmic heating, chicory tissue is faster and better damaged. Electric field strengths of 600–800 V/cm combined with ohmic heating permit to enhance noticeably the solute extraction from chicory tissue. The solute diffusivity D for the different PEF treatments, is nearly the same for same values of Z. Chicory tissue treated to the same damage degree (Z = 0.8–1.0) using different PEF conditions (800, 1000 and 10,000 V/cm) has nearly the same diffusivity.Combined electroporation/ohmic heating pretreatment by moderate PEF (400–1000 V/cm) presents an interesting alterative for the treatment of high product throughputs (e.g. in the case of inulin production from chicory).     

Chicory juice clarification by membrane filtration using rotating disk module

Clarification is the first step of inulin production from chicory juice, and membrane filtration as an alternative can greatly simplify this process, increase juice yield, improve product quality, and reduce the cost and waste volume. In this study, a rotating disk module (RDM) was used to investigate the clarification of chicory juice by four micro- and ultrafiltration membranes. Compared with dead end filtration, the RDM had a much higher permeate flux and product quality. High rotating speeds produced high permeate fluxes and reduced flux decline, because of the strong back transport of foulant from fouling layer to feed solution. At high rotating speeds of 1500–2000 rpm, the permeate flux increased with membrane pore size and transmembrane pressure (TMP), while at low rotating speeds (<1000 rpm), permeate flux was independent of membrane type and TMP due to a thick deposited fouling layer as a dominant filtration resistance, while carbohydrate transmission decreased at higher TMP because of denser cake layer as an additional selective membrane. The highest carbohydrate transmission (∼98%) and desirable permeate turbidity (2.4 NTU) was obtained at a TMP of 75 kPa and a rotating speed of 2000 rpm for FSM0.45PP membrane. With the RDM, the Volume Reduction Ratio (VRR) could reach 10 with a high permeate flux (106 L m⁻² h⁻¹) in the concentration test, and permeate was still rich in carbohydrate and well clarified. Chemical cleaning with 0.5% P3-ultrasil 10 detergent solution was able to recover 90% water flux of fouled membrane.     

奇可力种子油超临界CO2萃取及GC-MS分析

本文以超临界CO2(SC-CO2)流体萃取技术从奇可力种子中萃取脂肪油,探讨萃取温度、萃取压力、萃取时间以及夹带剂等因素对萃取收率的影响,确定了最佳萃取工艺条件为:萃取温度45℃、萃取压力35MPa、分离I压力7.0MPa,分离I温度45℃,分离Ⅱ压力6MPa,分离Ⅱ温度40℃,萃取时间3h,与传统的溶剂萃取相比,萃取时间大大缩短,可避免不饱和脂肪酸的氧化降解,产品品质优良。经GC-MS分析,奇可力脂肪有油的主要成分为:月桂酸、豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生四烯酸、γ-亚麻酸和芥酸等。γ-亚麻酸在分离I和分离Ⅱ脂肪油中的含量分别为38%和3.41%,相差较大。这证明该超临界流体萃取工艺实现了对γ-亚麻酸的萃取、分离和富集。     

Pilot scale inulin extraction from chicory roots assisted by pulsed electric fields

A pilot study for the pulsed electric fields (PEF) assisted countercurrent diffusion of inulin from chicory roots is presented. The influence of PEF parameters (electric field intensity E = 600 V cm^?1, treatment duration t_PEF = 10–50 ms) and diffusion temperature (varied between 30 and 80 °C) on soluble matter extraction kinetics, inulin content of juice, and pulp exhaustion are investigated. The draft (liquid to solid mass ratio) was fixed at 140%, similar to the industrial conditions. PEF treatment facilitates extraction of inulin at conventional diffusion temperature (70–80 °C), and diffusion temperature can even be reduced by 10–15 °C with comparable juice inulin concentration. Less energy consumption can be achieved by reducing PEF treatment duration to 10 ms, which is observed sufficient for effective extraction.     

Quantification of chicory root bitterness by an ELISA for 11β,13-dihydrolactucin

Chicory root (Cichorium intybus L. var. sativum) is an important foodstuff appreciated for its bitter taste, which is caused by sesquiterpene lactones. These compounds represent a quality parameter for monitoring the raw material. Using polyclonal antibodies, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to quantify the bitter compound 11β,13-dihydrolactucin in chicory root. Assay linearity ranged from 4.6 to 300 ng/ml, with intra- and inter-assay variations of 4.9% and 7.2%, respectively. An IC₅₀ of 2 ng/ml and a detection limit of 0.16 ng/ml were obtained. No or little cross-reactions with other sesquiterpene lactones occurred. Roots of three different chicory varieties were evaluated for their bitter taste and were investigated by the ELISA. Distinct concentrations of 11β,13-dihydrolactucin ranging from 485 to 1720 mg/kg dry matter were correlated with the bitterness degree (r = 0.9). The ELISA appeared sensitive, selective, accurate and may serve as screening tool in breeding of chicory roots for bitterness.     

Sensory and quality parameters of raw and processed Chicory-Hindbeh,a commonly consumed dark leafy green in Lebanon (Cichorium intybus L.) during frozen storage

This work aimed at assessing the effect of heat treatment and frozen storage on the sensory and chemical properties of chicory with the goal of optimizing the heat pretreatment-storage condition to best preserve the chemical and sensory properties of chicory. Raw, boiled (10 min), blanched (90 °C for 60 s) and steamed (for 20 s) chicory samples were produced and stored at −6 °C, −12 °C or −18 °C for 4 months. Chemical analyses (moisture, ash, vitamin C, peroxidase activity, chlorophyll and color) and sensory evaluation (QDA and hedonic evaluation) were conducted. Treatment significantly influenced all chemical variables (p < 0.001), except for moisture; and so did freezing temperatures for a-value (p < 0.001), chlorophyll-a, peroxidase activity, vitamin C and ash (p < 0.01), total chlorophyll, moisture and b-value (p < 0.05). Differences were obtained for age for all chemical variables (p < 0.001). Treatments affected consumers' acceptability of chicory and QDA showed that boiled chicory was significantly more tender, less chewy and crunchy and needed less time to disintegrate than other samples. PCA showed that PC1 and PC2 separated attributes based on type and intensity of treatments, respectively. It is recommended to use blanching at 90 °C for 60 s and freezing at −12 °C or −18 °C to best preserve the quality of chicory.