马铃薯叶片外植体再生系统的建立

选用马铃薯的叶片作为外植体,MS为基本培养基,采用不同浓度组合的BA和NAA对马铃薯再生系统的影响进行了研究.结果表明：最佳培养基为MS＋1.5 mg/L BA＋0.3 mg/L NAA,分化率为75%.采用该培养基研究了不同着生位置的叶片、同一着生位置叶片的不同切断以及叶片在培养基上的放置方式对马铃薯叶片再生的影响.结果表明：带有叶柄的下切断比其余叶片切断不定芽再生率高,幼嫩叶片比老化叶片再生率高.叶片再生系统的建立为马铃薯的遗传转化和工厂化育苗奠定了基础.     

二步培养和AgNO3对甘蓝型油菜子叶和下胚轴芽再生的影响

以甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus L．）品种浙双758为材料,研究二步培养及添加AgNO3对甘蓝型油菜子叶和下胚轴外植体离体再生的影响。外植体先在含0．5—1．5mg／L2,4-D的MS培养基上预培养3d或7d诱导愈伤组织的产生,再转到含有3mg／LBA和0．15mg／LNAA及添加或不添加2．5mg／LAgNO3的分化培养基上诱导芽的分化。结果表明,外植体愈伤组织诱导率和芽再生率与2,4-D浓度、预培养时间和AgNO3密切相关;分化培养基中添加银离子可显著增加不定芽的再生频率;二步培养及添加AgNO3可使半子叶、完整子叶和下胚轴外植体芽再生频率分别达到了96．1％,96．7％和96．7％。     

暗紫贝母愈伤组织和不定芽诱导研究

目的：对暗紫贝母愈伤组织和不定芽诱导进行研究。方法：以暗紫贝母新鲜鳞茎为外植体,在附加NAA和6-BA不同浓度配比的MS培养基上进行离体培养。结果：鲜鳞茎能诱导形成愈伤组织和不定芽。其中,NAA1.2mg/L＋6-BA1.8mg/L的MS培养基中外植体愈伤组织诱导率最高,达53.3%;NAA1.2mg/L＋6-BA1.6mg/L的MS培养基中外植体不定芽诱导率最高,达73.3%。结论：建立了暗紫贝母愈伤组织和不定芽诱导的培养方法。     

Occurrence of phenolic compounds in the seed coat and the cotyledon of peas (Pisum sativum L.)

This work determined the phenolic composition of the seed coat and the cotyledon of two varieties of dark peas (Pisum sativum L), Fidelia and ZP-840, by HPLC-PAD and HPLC-MS. High concentrations of glycosides of quercetin, luteolin and apigenin were found in the seed coat of both varieties of peas. Minor concentrations of monomers and dimers of proanthocyanidins were identified. The cotyledon mainly contains hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic compounds and some of the flavone and flavonol glycosides found in the seed coat. Two conjugated compounds with malic acid, trans p-coumaroyl-malic acid and p-hydroxybenzoyl-malic acid were identified in the cotyledon and in the seed coat, and the stilbene trans-resveratrol-3-glucoside, only in the seed coat. These compounds had not been previously reported in peas. The results obtained allow an overview of the distribution of the phenolic compounds in the seeds of these varieties of peas, and contribute to the knowledge of the implications of these compounds in the dietary intake.     

甜菜原生质体培养技术的研究：（1）子叶原生质机分离及愈伤组织形成

取生长在26℃、光照强度3000lux、14h光照/日条件下的14日苗龄甜菜子叶,用2.0％Cellulase Onozuka K-10+1.0％ Macerozyme Onozuka R-10+0.5％ Driselase+CPW9M酶液酶解。原生质培养在改良MS+2.4-D1.5mg/L+IAA 0.5mg/L+6BA0.5mg/L培养基中液体浅层培养。培养第7～10天时,先后发生第一和第二次细胞分裂,此后细胞继续增殖形成细胞团,约40天时,形成微愈伤组织。     

Shear forces for dehulling, splitting and breaking raw and pretreated pigeonpeas

An instrument to measure the seed coat adhesion, cotyledon adhesion and shear strength of pigeonpea grain was constructed using a peizo-electric transducer. Urea was applied to scarified and non-scarified grain and part was then heat treated. Seed coat adhesion was slightly reduced by scarification of grain and further reduced by urea plus heat treatment. Cotyledon adhesion was slightly reduced by urea plus heat but shear strength was unaffected. Pretreatments may lead to an improved quality product (good quality splits and less breakage). The instrument may be useful in assessing improved cultivars.     

Placental Villous Explant Culture 2.0: Flow Culture Allows Studies Closer to the In Vivo Situation

During pregnancy, freely floating placental villi are adapted to fluid shear stress due to placental perfusion with maternal plasma and blood. In vitro culture of placental villous explants is widely performed under static conditions, hoping the conditions may represent the in utero environment. However, static placental villous explant culture dramatically differs from the in vivo situation. Thus, we established a flow culture system for placental villous explants and compared commonly used static cultured tissue to flow cultured tissue using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) measurements. The data revealed a better structural and biochemical integrity of flow cultured tissue compared to static cultured tissue. Thus, this new flow system can be used to simulate the blood flow from the mother to the placenta and back in the most native-like in vitro system so far and thus can enable novel study designs.     

Bioactivity of endosperm extracts from susceptible and resistant bean seeds against Callosobruchus maculatus

Due to their high nutritional value, seeds are often the target of herbivory. In response, plants have evolved a host of adaptations that physically and/or chemically reduce the likelihood of granivory. In grain legumes, the main chemical defences within the endosperm derive from anti-nutritional proteins such as lectins and protease inhibitors. However, less is known about the bioactivity of secondary metabolites found within seeds. Here, solvent extraction was used to identify the major classes of phytochemicals found within the endosperm of both resistant beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and susceptible beans (Vigna unguiculata). Phenols and terpenoids were recovered from the resistant P. vulgaris seeds only, whilst glycosides and flavonoids were recovered in greater amounts from P. vulgaris in comparison to V. unguiculata. To assess the bioactivity of the extracts against the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, the extracts were incorporated into artificial seeds and key life-history traits of the beetle determined. The results show the endosperm of both resistant and susceptible beans to contain an ensemble of secondary metabolites that deter oviposition (antixenosis) by adult beetles and disrupt the survival and development of the larvae (antibiosis). However, no extract resulted in complete resistance, indicating that the phytochemicals function alongside other anti-herbivory mechanisms such as α-amylase inhibitors and protease inhibitors. Breeding programmes could potentially select for key phytochemical groups such as terpenoids or glycosides in cultivars in order to optimise the trade-off between resistance and agronomic quality by harnessing the anti-herbivory properties of secondary metabolites in conjunction with anti-nutritional proteins.     

甜菜原生质体培养及大块愈伤组织的产生

将发芽盒内培养2－3周的甜菜子叶,在CPW12M高渗溶液中预质壁分离4h 后用2％CellulaseOnozukK-10 0.5%Macerozyme 0.5%Driselase CPW9M酶液酶解12h。原生质体在K8P＋2．4－D2．0mg／L＋6－BA0．5mg／L培养基中液体浅层培养。6周内形成大量的多细胞团和微愈伤组织,进一步培养,形成直径为0．5cm左右松散的大块愈伤组织。     

Ligand-Induced GPR110 Activation Facilitates Axon Growth after Injury

Recovery from axonal injury is extremely difficult, especially for adult neurons. Here, we demonstrate that the activation of G-protein coupled receptor 110 (GPR110, ADGRF1) is a mechanism to stimulate axon growth after injury. N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (synaptamide), an endogenous ligand of GPR110 that promotes neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis in developing neurons, and a synthetic GPR110 ligand stimulated neurite growth in axotomized cortical neurons and in retinal explant cultures. Intravitreal injection of GPR110 ligands following optic nerve crush injury promoted axon extension in adult wild-type, but not in gpr110 knockout, mice. In vitro axotomy or in vivo optic nerve injury rapidly induced the neuronal expression of gpr110. Activating the developmental mechanism of neurite outgrowth by specifically targeting GPR110 that is upregulated upon injury may provide a novel strategy for stimulating axon growth after nerve injury in adults.