纯菌种培养红茶菌中细菌纤维素的合成

实验采用纯菌种培养红茶菌研究细菌纤维素(bacterial cellulose,BC)的合成量及产率,所用的菌株为汉逊氏葡糖酸醋杆菌(Gluconacetobacter hansenii CGMCC1671)和啤酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae CGMCC1670),所用培养基为糖茶水培养基。研究了碳源、茶叶种类、茶叶用量、种龄、温度和装液量等6个因素对红茶菌合成BC的影响。静止培养22d后测BC的产量和产率。结果表明红茶菌合成BC的最佳碳源为葡萄糖,最佳茶叶种类为绿茶,最佳茶叶用量为4g/L,最佳种龄为60h,最佳温度为30℃,最佳装液量为250mL的三角瓶中装75mL的培养液。这些最佳参数和红茶菌的培养相一致。纯菌种培养红茶菌技术可以应用于生产高品质及高产量的BC和高品质的红茶菌饮料。     

Biocontrol of Postharvest Anthracnose of Mango Fruit with Debaryomyces Nepalensis and Effects on Storage Quality and Postharvest Physiology

Anthracnose is presently recognized as one of the most important postharvest disease of mango worldwide. To control the disease, chemical fungicides for a long time was widely used among fruit farmers, but recently found that pathogen had developed increasingly resistance to it. With people's growing desire of healthy and green food, finding new and environmentally friendly biological control approach was very necessary. In this paper, we provided a kind of new antagonistic yeast which enriched the strain resources and the efficacy of Debaryomyces nepalensis against postharvest anthracnose of mango fruit and the influence on quality parameters were investigated. The results showed that the decay incidence and lesion diameter of postharvest anthracnose of mango treated by D. nepalensis were significantly reduced compared with the control fruit stored at 25 °C for 30 d or at 15 °C for 40 d, and the higher concentration of D. nepalensis was, the better the efficacy of the biocontrol was. Study also found that 1 h was the best treatment duration and antagonistic yeast inoculated earlier had good biocontrol effect on anthracnose. Meanwhile, treatment by D. nepalensis could significantly reduce postharvest anthracnose of mango, delay the decrease in firmness, TSS, TA, and ascorbic acid value, and do not impair surface color during postharvest storage. Moreover, the increase in MDA (malondialdehyde) content and increase in cell membrane permeability of fruit treated by D. nepalensis was highly inhibited. The results suggested D. nepalensis treatment could not only maintain storage quality of mango fruit, but also decrease the decay incidence to anthracnose disease. All these results indicated that D. nepalensis has great potential for development of commercial formulations to control postharvest pathogens of mango fruit.     

以柑橘果渣为主要原料生产细菌纤维素的研究

目的:拓宽细菌纤维素(BC)生产的原料来源,明确柑橘渣水对汉逊氏葡糖酸醋杆菌CIs51发酵产BC的影响。方法:以筛选自酸败柑橘果实的汉逊氏葡糖酸醋杆菌CIs51为发酵菌株,以柑橘果渣为主要原料,用扫描电镜观察其微结构,研究果渣预处理工艺、营养源、生长因子等对BC产量及微结构的影响。结果:柑橘果渣与水以1:8(W/V)的比例混合打浆,以150U/mL的果胶酶复配100U/mL纤维素酶,45℃水解2h;过滤后进行酵母前发酵工艺;选择蔗糖为碳源,添加量30g/L,(NH4)2SO4为氮源,添加量3g/L,酵母粉和柠檬酸的添加量分别为5g/L和1g/L。在此优化培养基中CIs51的产量达7.23g/L,明显高于其在HS培养基、柑橘渣水改良HS(CMHS)培养基中的产量(依次为4.02g/L及6.57g/L)。结论:柑橘渣水能够显著提高CIs51的BC产量,所得BC膜呈半透明质地,柔韧性好,具有替代椰子水进行工业化生产的前景。     

Removal of oligosaccharides in soybean flour and nutritional effects in rats

The objectives of this work were to establish a safe and economically viable process for the removal of raffinose oligosaccharides (RO) from soy flour and compare the effects of RO elimination from diets with regard to nutritional parameters by testing in Wistar rats. Debaryomyces hansenii UFV-1 was cultivated in suspension of defatted soy flour (1:10 w/v). An increase in α-galactosidase activity was observed in the medium, with a consequent decrease in the RO concentration. A total reduction of RO was achieved at 36 h of incubation. The diet containing soy flour free of RO presented higher digestibility, 91.28%, in relation to the diet containing soy flour with RO, 87.14%. However, the removal of the oligosaccharides from the diet did not promote a significant improvement in the values of weight gain, and other nutritional parameters tested on rats, during the experimental period of 14 days.     

Comparison of volatile compounds produced in model cheese medium deacidified by Debaryomyces hansenii or Kluyveromyces marxianus

The aroma of a deacidified cheese medium is the result of the overall perception of a large number of molecules belonging to different classes. The volatile compound composition of (60%) cheese medium (pH 5.8) deacidified by Debaryomyces hansenii (DCM(Dh)) was compared with the one deacidified by Kluyveromyces marxianus (DCM(Km)). It was determined by dynamic headspace extraction, followed by gas chromatography separation and quantification as well as by mass spectrometry identification. Whatever the media tested, a first class of volatile compounds can be represented by the ones not produced by any of the yeasts, but some of them are affected by K. marxianus or by D. hansenii. A second class of volatile compounds can be represented by the ones produced by K. marxianus, which were essentially esters. Their concentrations were generally higher than their thresholds, explaining the DCM(Km) global fruity odor. A third class can be represented by the ones generated by D. hansenii, which were essentially methyl ketones with fruity, floral (rose), moldy, cheesy, or wine odor plus 2-phenylethanol with a faded-rose odor. The impact of methyl ketones on the DCMDh global flavor was lower than the impact of 2-phenylethanol and even negligible. Therefore, the global faded-rose odor of D. hansenii DCM can be explained by a high concentration of 2-phenylethanol.     

Genome organization of the linear cytoplasmic element pPE1B from Pichia etchellsii.

The linear cytoplasmic element pPE1B from Pichia etchellsii CBS2011 (synonym Debaryomyces etchellsii) was totally sequenced. It consists of 12835 bp and has a remarkable high A+T content of 77.3%. The termini of pPE1B were found to consist of inversely orientated identical nucleotide repetitions 161 base pairs long, to which proteins are probably covalently linked at the 5' ends. Ten putative genes (open reading frames, ORFs) were identified, covering 96.5% of the total sequence. The predicted polypeptides correspond to proteins encoded by ORFs 2-11 of the linear plasmids pGKL2 of Kluyveromyces lactis and pSKL of Saccharomyces kluyveri. ORF1, existing on both latter elements, is lacking on pPE1B. An upstream conserved sequence motif (UCS) is located at the expected distance from the start codon of each of the 10 ORFs. As the arbitrarily chosen UCS6 was able to drive expression of a reporter gene in the heterologous pGKL-encoded killer system of K. lactis, extranuclear promoter function is probable. The almost congruent genome organization of pPE1B and other autonomous linear yeast plasmids sequenced so far, i.e. pGKL2 and pSKL, suggests a common, presumably viral, ancestor.     

Revalorisation of vine trimming wastes using Lactobacillus acidophilus and Debaryomyces hansenii

BACKGROUND: Mild acid treatments of vine‐shoot trimmings result in the hydrolysis of hemicellulosic sugars that can be utilised by Lactobacillus acidophilus CECT‐4179 (ATCC 832) and Debaryomyces hansenii NRRL Y‐7426 as carbon sources to obtain food additives. Since the high content of glucose in these hydrolysates reduces the effective bioconversion of xylose into xylitol by D. hansenii, the use of Lactobacillus acidophilus, one of the main probiotic species, allows this problem to be solved by the selective consumption of glucose. In order to use both sugars (glucose and xylose), hemicellulosic vine‐shoot trimming hydrolysates can be sequentially fermented by both micro‐organisms. RESULTS: It was found that, in the first step, L. acidophilus generated almost exclusively lactic acid (32.7 g of lactic acid L^?1, Q_LA = 1.363 g L^?1 h^?1, Y_LA/S = 0.72 g g^?1) by homofermentative degradation of sugars (mainly glucose), and in the second step, the remaining hemicellulosic sugars were transformed primarily into xylitol by Debaryomyces hansenii (31.3 g of xylitol L^?1, Q_Xylitol = 0.708 g L^?1 h^?1, Y_Xylitol/S = 0.66 g g^?1). Furthermore, L. acidophilus proved to be a strong cell‐bounded biosurfactant producer. Cell extracts were able to reduce the surface tension (ST) of PBS in 18 mN m^?1 units. Lactobacillus acidophilus cells showed no difference in viability before or after PBS extraction of biosurfactants, achieving values of 0.9 × 10⁹ colony‐forming units (CFU) mL^?1 in both cases. CONCLUSIONS: These results have made a serious contribution to the re‐evaluation of a useless and pollutant residue, producing a wide range of natural food additives. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Monovalent cation fluxes and physiological changes of Debaryomyces hansenii grown at high concentrations of KCl and NaCl

Debaryomyces hansenii showed an increased growth in the presence of either 1m KCl or 1m NaCl and a low acidification of the medium, higher for the cells grown in the presence of NaCl. These cells accumulated high concentrations of the cations, and showed a very fast capacity to exchange either Na⁺ or K⁺ for the opposite cation. They showed a rapid uptake of ⁸⁶ Rb⁺ and ²² Na⁺ . ⁸⁶ Rb⁺ transport was saturable, with K_m and V_max values higher for cells grown in 1m NaCl. ²² Na⁺ uptake showed a diffusion component, also higher for the cells grown with NaCl. Changes depended on growth conditions, and not on further incubation, which changed the internal ion concentration. K⁺ stimulated proton pumping produced a rapid extrusion of protons, and also a decrease of the membrane potential. Cells grown in 1m KCl showed a higher fermentation rate, but significantly lower respiratory capacity. ATP levels were higher in cells grown in the presence of NaCl; upon incubation with glucose, those grown in the presence of KCl reached values similar to the ones grown in the presence of NaCl. In both, the addition of KCl produced a transient decrease of the ATP levels. As to ion transport mechanisms, D. hansenii appears to have (a) an ATPase functioning as a proton pump, generating a membrane potential difference which drives K⁺ through a uniporter; (b) a K⁺ /H⁺ exchange system; and (c) a rapid cation/cation exchange system. Most interesting is that cells grown in different ionic environments change their studied capacities, which are not dependent on the cation content, but on differences in their genetic expression during growth. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

东北酸菜汁分离乳酸菌发酵鹿肉干加工工艺优化

为研制营养风味俱佳的发酵鹿肉干新产品,从东北自然发酵的酸菜汁中分离、纯化、鉴定乳酸菌菌株,分析该菌株与汉逊德巴利酵母菌的发酵特性,将二者以一定配比组成混合发酵剂用于块状鹿肉发酵并研究其发酵特性。单因素试验、Plackett-Burman优选试验和响应面优化块状鹿肉发酵工艺研究表明,发酵时间、发酵温度、接种量对鹿肉发酵特性影响显著;酸菜汁分离乳酸菌和汉逊德巴利酵母菌发酵鹿肉产酸快,利于风味物质形成,适宜作发酵鹿肉干发酵剂;得到发酵鹿肉的p H值、发酵鹿肉干感官评分与发酵时间、发酵温度、接种量间关系的二次回归方程;鹿肉最佳发酵工艺条件:发酵时间20.86 h、发酵温度27.51℃、接种量2.16 m L/100 g;发酵鹿肉的平均p H值为5.07时,发酵鹿肉干感官评分最高。