在我国大陆开展甘蔗抗病育种初探

本文简要地介绍了世界主要植蔗国通过甘蔗抗病育种，成功地控制了蔗区重要病害流行的情况。分析了近年来我国大陆部分蔗区蔗病流行的原因之一，是由于大陆甘蔗育种计划普遍忽视抗病有种所致。本文还介绍了轻工业部甘蔗糖业科学研究所在开展甘蔗抗病有种方面所进行的工作，即在现有的育种程序中增加抗病性鉴定，以及从常用杂交亲本中筛选抗原等情况。并探讨了在大陆开展抗病育种急需解决的问题。     

中美主要烟草品种亲源分析与烟草育种

本文分析了中美300多个烤烟,80多个晒晾烟主要育成品种的亲源关系,从中可以看出,品质与抗病育种是烟草育种的主体,由Orinoco衍生的Hicks、Virginiabrightleaf和400及后来育成的NC95、Coker139和Coker319等是烤烟品质育种和抗病育种的主体亲本;由WhiteBurley衍生的Kentucky16、Burley21和由MDRobinson育成的Maryland64、Maryland609分别是白肋烟与马里兰烟品质、抗病育种的主体亲本;烟草抗黑胫病、青枯病、根结线虫病、根黑腐病、烟草普通花叶病和野火病的抗源分别来自Florida301、TI448A、TI706、N. debnexyi、N. glutinosa和N. longiflora等原始栽培品种或野生种。美国烟草育种经历了从品质到多抗,再到综合优良性状改良的阶梯式发展过程。而我国优质、多抗育种起步较晚,仍存在品质与抗性、品质与易烤性关系研究较少,外源优良基因利用较少,遗传基础狭窄等问题,本文就近期烟草育种的目标和途径进行了初步探讨。      

The effects of 1-methylcyclopropene on peach fruit (Prunus persica L. cv. Jiubao) ripening and disease resistance

In order to learn how 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) affects ripening and disease‐resistance of peach fruit (Prunus persica L. cv. Jiubao) after harvest, they were treated with 1‐MCP and some were inoculated with Penicillium expansum. Treating peach fruit with 0.2 μL L^?1 of 1‐MCP at 22 °C for 24 h effectively slowed the decline in fruit firmness. The minimal concentration of 1‐MCP able to inhibit fruit softening was 0.6 μL L^?1. Changes in other parameters related to peach ripening, such as content of soluble solids, total soluble sugar, titratable acidity, soluble pectin and ethylene production were also significantly reduced or delayed by 1‐MCP. Repeated treatment of peach with 1‐MCP resulted in more effective inhibition of ripening. Post‐harvest decay of peach fruit was reduced by treatment with 1‐MCP and disease progress in fruit inoculated with P. expansum was reduced. The activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase, polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase in the inoculated fruit were also enhanced by 1‐MCP.