Panchromatic Chromophore Mixtures in an AlPO4‐5 Molecular Sieve: Spatial Separation Effects and Energy Transfer Cascades

Dye‐loaded AlPO₄‐5 single crystals were prepared by microwave‐assisted hydrothermal synthesis from a batch, containing a mixture of three chromophores (Coumarin 40, Rhodamine BE50, and Oxazine 1) differing in their absorption range, molecular dimensions, and solubilities. Confocal fluorescence images reveal a spatial separation effect of the dye molecules, where the slimmer, more‐soluble dye molecule (Coumarin 40) is uniformly distributed in the body of the single crystal, and the bulky and/or less‐soluble ones (Rhodamine BE50, Oxazine 1) are situated in distinct domains. Visible spectra show good panchromatic absorption of visible light. Fluorescence lifetime measurements indicate the presence of an energy transfer cascade of the entirely fixed dye molecules from Coumarin 40 to Oxazine 1. The transfer mechanism is predominantly radiative.     

Manufacturing method for monolithic dye-sensitised solar cells permitting long-term stable low-power modules

A manufacturing technique for monolithic dye-sensitised solar cells is presented. Encapsulated modules designed for indoor low-power applications have been prepared using industrial methods and equipment. Under certain conditions (light intensity <5000 lx, temperature between –10°C and 50°C, and relative humidity of appr. 50%), the modules have performed well and shown excellent long-term stability. Moreover, modules withstand illumination in combination with storage at 100% relative humidity. However, a certain degradation of the module performance takes place at illuminations exceeding 5000 lx and temperatures exceeding 50°C.     

On assertion-based encapsulation for object invariants and simulations

In object-oriented programming, reentrant method invocations and shared references make it difficult to achieve adequate encapsulation for sound modular reasoning. This tutorial paper surveys recent progress using auxiliary state (ghost fields) to describe and achieve encapsulation. It also compares this technique with encapsulation in the forms provided by separation logic. Encapsulation is assessed in terms of modular reasoning about invariants and simulations.     

Process development and accurate low‐cost characterization for OLED sealants by using a calcium test

Abstract— A calcium measurement setup was built for testing encapsulation especially for OLED applications. This setup is able to measure both reflective and transmissive cells. For the characterization of sealants, a method to compare them with other sealing products will be described. This includes the use of spacers, a homogeneous surface energy, and the geometry of the sealant line. The effects of different geometries will be discussed. The setup was designed to achieve good accuracy at a very reasonable component cost, which will allow other facilities to replicate this setup. Therefore, the construction plan as well as the list of components can be downloaded from our website (Ref. 3).     

Concepts,processing, and recent developments in encapsulating essential oils

By the virtue of their olfactory, physicochemical, and biological characteristics, essential oils (EOs) have drawn wide attention as additives in daily chemicals like perfume or personal care products. Nevertheless, they are physicochemically unstable and susceptible to degradation or loss. Microencapsulation offers a feasible strategy to stabilize and prolong release of EO. This review summarizes the recognized benefits and functional properties of various preparation and characterization methods, wherein innovative fabrication strategies and their formation mechanisms are especially emphasized. Progress in combining detecting/measuring technologies with kinetic modelling are discussed, to give an integral approach of controlling the dynamic release of encapsulated EOs. Moreover, new development trends of EOs capsules are also highlighted.     

Factors influencing encapsulation behavior in composite droplet-type polymer blends

In this study the influence of the molecular weight of the dispersed phase components on encapsulation effects in the composite droplet phase was examined for high density polyethylene (HDPE)/PS/PMMA ternary blends. Three different blends composed of various PS and PMMA materials dispersed in an HDPE matrix were prepared using an internal mixer. The morphology was studied by light and electron microscopy. Current models used for predicting encapsulation effects and composite droplet formation in ternary systems (based on static interfacial tension) predict in all cases that PS will encapsulate the PMMA. However, in one case, an unexpected encapsulation of PS by PMMA was observed. It was found that arguments based on the effect of viscosity ratio or the absolute viscosity of the different dispersed phases do not explain that discrepancy. In addition, the reversal of that latter composite droplet morphology from PMMA encapsulating PS to PS encapsulating PMMA was observed upon annealing treatment. Considering all the above, a conceptual model was developed to predict encapsulation effects in composite droplet type systems based on the use of a dynamic interfacial tension (i.e. taking into account the elasticity of the polymer components). Calculations based on the dynamic interfacial tension model, using elasticities based on constant shear stress, were able to account for all of the observed encapsulation effects in this study.     

The SMSI between supported platinum and CeO2–ZrO2–La2O3 mixed oxides in oxidative atmosphere

CeO₂–ZrO₂–La₂O₃ (CZL) mixed oxides were prepared by citric acid sol–gel method. The as-received gel was calcined at 500, 700, 900 and 1050 °C to obtain the so-called C5, C7, C9 and CK, respectively. The C5, C7 and C9 powders were impregnated with H₂PtCl₆ and then calcined at 500 °C to prepare P5C5, P5C7 and P5C9, respectively. The impregnated CK powders were calcined at 500, 700 and 900 °C to prepare P5CK, P7CK and P9CK, respectively. The XRD and XPS analyses show that the surface distribution of Pt is evidently influenced by the structural and textural properties of the support. The CO adsorption followed by FTIR reveals that the dispersion and the chemisorption sites of Pt are reduced as the calcination temperature of CZL support increases. The chemisorption ability of the CK samples is even completely deactivated. The encapsulation mechanism, which has been applied to explain the so-called strong metal–support interaction (SMSI) after reductive treatment, is introduced here to demonstrate the abnormal observations though the samples were prepared in oxidative atmosphere. The HRTEM results also confirm this explanation. The effects of oxygen vacancies, the chemisorption sites on the Pt surface and Pt/Ce interfacial sites on the three-way catalytic activities are discussed.     

果酸脂质体的制备、检测及应用

以大豆卵磷脂为包封材料 ,用反相蒸发法制备果酸脂质体。并用透射电子显微镜表征了其形态结构 ,证实其直径在1 0 0纳米～ 2 0 0纳米之间。研究了果酸浓度对包封率 ,稳定剂浓度对脂质体稳定性的影响。结果表明 ,果酸浓度为 0 .3mg/ml时可以得到较好的包封率 ,丙二醇的适宜浓度是 5 % -1 5 % ,最终将脂质体应用于化妆品中 ,并证明是可行的