IPv6与欧洲

在推进IPv6的问题上,亚洲表现的最为积极,这是因为亚洲各国承受着巨大的IP地址方面的压力。欧洲虽然在这方面没有这样大的压力,但在互联网方面一直落后于美国,这是欧洲所不甘心的。因此,欧洲在推进IPv6方面也做了许多工作。欧洲推进IPv6的基本策略是先移动,后固定,并实施了一系列的行动计划和项目。欧洲面临的挑战主要是已经部署了数量巨大的网元、操作系统与软件应用必须予以更新、互通或取代,需要仔细规划和大量投资。     

Success and failures in urban transport planning in Europe—understanding the transport system

Technological determinism has become a kind of religion for many people since it appears to offer solutions for societal problems as never before in history. Transport is one of the fascinating technology branches developed during the last 200 years. Effortless movement over long distances has become possible for car users as long as cheap fossil energy is available. However, the effect of fast transport on urban structures and society was not taken into account when developing these technical means. Technologists and economists have used indicators for expected benefits of these fast transport modes without taking into account the real system effects on society and urban structures. Plausible assumptions and hopes instead of scientific understanding of the complex system are used in practice. In contradiction to widely held beliefs of transportation planners, there is actually no growth of mobility if counted in number of trips per person per day, no time saving by increasing speed in the system, and no real freedom of modal choice. Modal choice is dependent on physical and other structures, the artificial environment built by urban planners, transport experts and political decisions. The core hypothesis of traditional urban and transport planning ‘growth of mobility’, ‘travel time saving by increasing speed’ and ‘freedom of modal choice’ are myths and do not exist in the real urban and transport system. This is the reason why urban planning and transport planning based on traditional non-scientific assumptions is creating continuously not only more transport problems, but also environmental and social as well as economic problems all over the world, where these principals are applied. Urban transport planning in Europe, understanding the transport system and the solutions are presented in this paper.     

Flood hazard maps in the European context

The implementation of the EU Floods Directive by water authorities across Europe has generated a lack of consistency in the present situation, especially regarding the scales adopted, the hydrological scenarios and the elements represented on flood hazard and risk maps. From the EU-funded project HYTECH, this article presents a general overview of Floods Directive implementation in eight European countries, highlighting the differences between them, with particular attention to flood hazard maps. For the implementation cycle that started at the beginning of 2016, a minimization of such differences is necessary in order to manage flood risk in a better and more integrated way.     

Advancements in the design and validation of an air pollution integrated assessment model for Spain

This paper describes the design and application of the Atmospheric Evaluation and Research Integrated model for Spain (AERIS). Currently, AERIS can provide concentration profiles of NO₂, O₃, SO₂, NH₃, PM, as a response to emission variations of relevant sectors in Spain. Results are calculated using transfer matrices based on an air quality modelling system (AQMS) composed by the WRF (meteorology), SMOKE (emissions) and CMAQ (atmospheric-chemical processes) models. The AERIS outputs were statistically tested against the conventional AQMS and observations, revealing a good agreement in both cases. At the moment, integrated assessment in AERIS focuses only on the link between emissions and concentrations. The quantification of deposition, impacts (health, ecosystems) and costs will be introduced in the future. In conclusion, the main asset of AERIS is its accuracy in predicting air quality outcomes for different scenarios through a simple yet robust modelling framework, avoiding complex programming and long computing times.     

激光焊接在欧洲造船业的应用

为了在竞争中获胜，欧洲造船业必须提高生产速度和效率，同时降低成本。因此，他们投入了巨大的人力和财力来研发激光焊接并将其应用到造船生产实践中，以达到维持和重建欧洲船厂在全球高附加值船舶市场的优势地位。     

Manufacturing processes of Atlantic Bronze Age annular gold ornaments—A case study of the Guînes gold hard (Pas-de-Calais,France)

ABSTRACT

The gold work from the Western European Middle and Late Bronze Age (about 1500–700 BC) is characterized by solid ornaments and vessels. This article deals with manufacturing techniques of heavy gold jewelry by presenting a gold hoard found at Guînes, Pas-de-Calais, in Northern France, as a case study. In particular, three ornament types will be taken into consideration: (1) solid penannular neck and arm-rings, plain or with linear or geometric decoration; (2) flange-twisted ornaments that appear in different dimensions, as small as ear rings, as neck rings, up to the large size of a belt; (3) complex, composite ornaments. The technological aspects dealt with in this precious metal working context are manifold, including ingot and lost wax casting, hammering and bending of solid rods, the production of flange-twisted rods, chasing as decoration method, and finally joining techniques such as soldering, riveting and folding, and creasing.     

Exploring indicators for quantifying surface urban heat islands of European cities with MODIS land surface temperatures

The term urban heat island describes the phenomenon of altered temperatures in urban areas compared to their rural hinterlands. A surface urban heat island encompasses the patterns of land surface temperatures in urban areas. The classical indicator to describe a surface urban heat island is the difference between urban and rural surface temperatures. However, several other indicators for this purpose have been suggested in the literature. In this study, we compared the eleven different indicators for quantifying surface urban heat islands that were most frequently used in recent publications on remote sensing-based urban heat island assessments. The dataset used here consists of 263 European cities with monthly mean temperatures from MODIS data products for July 2002, January 2003 and July 2003. We found that (i) the indicators individually reveal diurnal and seasonal patterns but show rather low correlations over time, and (ii) for single points in time, the different indicators show only weak correlations, although they are supposed to quantify the same phenomenon. Differentiating cities according to thermal climate zones increased the relationships between the indicators. Thus, we can identify temporal aspects and indicator selection as important factors determining the estimation of urban heat islands. We conclude that research should take into account the differences and instabilities of the indicators chosen for quantifying surface urban heat islands and should use several indicators in parallel for describing the surface urban heat island of a city.     

Mathematics for Architecture: Some European Experiences

Orietta Pedemonte studies how mathematics in taught in faculties or schools of architecture in Belgium, Portugal, France, Switzerland and Spain, comparing course organizations, subjects offered and entrance requirements. Which and how much mathematics for architecture? What kind of teaching? Is it better to have information on many aspects, or a deeper insight into only a few? Is it better to privilege a historical-philosophical overview, or to focus aspects of application that are current today? These are some of the questions that are raised by whoever deals with teaching mathematics in a faculty or school of architecture.     

Competitiveness and an Emerging Sector: The Russian Software Industry and its Global Linkages

This paper analyzes the Russian software industry in the context of trade in information technology services. We assess Russia's underlying sources of competitive edge in software, such as its scientific establishments, education system, diaspora and low costs, and identify the institutional impediments to growth. A survey reveals that foreign outsourcing contracts, a high value-added niche and high education levels characterize Russia's small, privately held software firms. A comparison with the Indian software industry underscores the structural differences in outsourcing relationships developed by the two countries and emphasizes that national advantages are complex amalgamations of many factors and need to be overtly marketed. Beyond the resources that give comparative and competitive advantage to a transitioning economy, a critical role is played by powerful industry organizations and by non-market state institutions that can level the economic field and inject credibility into market structures.