虾头的内源蛋白酶酶解及复合酶解研究

实验对虾头内源蛋白酶酶解，以及对内源蛋白酶与A1calase2．4L、F1avourzyme、Kojizyme、木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、Trypsin和Protamex的复合酶解进行了比较研究。说明利用虾头内源蛋白酶可以对虾头进行有效的酶解；A1calase2．4L及F1avouzyme与虾头内源蛋白酶复合使用后，能较大程度地提高酶解产物中游离氨基酸的含量；实验中所用的7种蛋白酶与虾头内源蛋白酶复合酶解，难以明显地提高酶解产物中TCA可溶性蛋白(短肽)的含量。     

碱预处理对慈竹机械浆酶解的影响

以慈竹机械浆为研究对象,分别采用NaOH和NaOH加H2O2两种方法对原料进行预处理,考察预处理条件对酶解还原糖产率的影响。得到NaOH最佳预处理条件为:预处理温度90℃、固液比1∶5g/mL、时间2h、NaOH用量12%(g/g绝干)。在此最佳条件下,慈竹机械浆半纤维素保留率为87.92%、纤维素保留率为90.29%、木质素脱除率为43.24%;在pH4.8、加酶量20FPU/g预处理后底物、反应温度50℃的条件下酶解24h,还原糖产率为30.36%。扫描电镜观察显示,经碱性预处理过的慈竹机械浆变得粗糙而多孔,增加了纤维素酶的吸附位点,酶解速率加快。     

化学预处理对慈竹化机浆制浆漂白性能的影响

对氢氧化钠和中性亚硫酸钠两种化学预处理方式的慈竹化机浆的制浆、漂白性能进行了研究。氢氧化钠预处理,原浆白度较深;中性亚硫酸钠预处理,原浆白度较浅。不同预处理方式引起的浆料原始白度差异,可以—直保持到过氧化氢漂白以后,后者比前者白度高出11％-12％ISO。不同预处理方式,相同过氧化氢水平漂白时,对应的最佳用碱量不同;10％H2O2漂白时,氢氧化钠预处理的最佳碱用量为6％,中性亚硫酸钠预处理的最佳碱用量为7％。中性亚硫酸钠预处理浆料的漂白性能优于氢氧化钠预处理,抗张指数及耐破指数高20％-40％;撕裂指数高出10％～20％。在本文研究的化学品用量范围内,中性亚硫酸钠预处理方式优于氢氧化钠预处理方式。     

慈竹（Neosinocalamus affinis）竹叶提取物在盐酸介质中对铝的缓蚀作用

从慈竹（Neosinocalamus affinis）竹叶中提取出的固体物质,可以作为一种环境友好型植物缓蚀剂。用失重法研究了钓鱼慈竹竹叶固体提取物在1．0mol／LHCI溶液中对铝的缓蚀作用。结果表明：提取物对铝在HCl溶液中具有良好的缓蚀作用,并根据实验结果探讨了缓蚀机理。     

Effect of Steam Heating on the Color and Chemical Properties of Neosinocalamus Affinis Bamboo

Abstract

Fibrous veneers in loose structure were made from Neosinocalamus affinis bamboo, and then used as the basic element for bamboo-based fiber composites. Steam treatment of the fibrous veneers was performed inside an autoclave at 0.35 MPa to 0.45 MPa (147°C to 155°C) for 110 min to 170 min. After steam treatment, all three color parameters (L*a*b*) of fibrous veneers were changed significantly. The color change (ΔE*) increased with higher pressure and longer duration. The chemical properties of steam-treated samples were examined using chemical analysis. A decrease in the content of holocellulose and α-cellulose with an elevation in steam treatment was found. The water extractives content and buffering capacity increased, and the effect of pressure and duration on them increased significantly. pH value decreased significantly compared with control samples, but only small variations were found among steam-treated samples. Through correlation analysis, pH value was strongly correlated to hemicelluloses and water extractives.     

虾头的内源蛋白酶酶解研究

本实验对近缘新对虾虾头内所含的内源蛋白酶的性质进行了初步研究，在此基础上分析和比较利用内源蛋白酶对虾头的酶解工艺，当固液比1：2，酶解温度60℃，pH值7．06，酶解时间4h，酶解产物中游离氨基酸含量较高：固液比1：2，酶解温度50℃，pH值8．2，酶解时间4h，酶解产物中TCA可溶性蛋白(短肽)含量较高。     

慈竹浆与桉木浆PFI磨浆过程中纤维形态的对比研究

用PFI磨对漂白硫酸盐慈竹浆与桉木浆进行磨浆,利用多媒体显微镜和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察慈竹浆和桉木浆纤维在打浆过程中纤维形态的变化。结果发现:打浆前期,慈竹浆纤维和桉木浆纤维的初生壁(P)和次生壁外层(S1)破除,分丝帚化情况大致相同;打浆中期,随着S2层微纤维的剥离,慈竹浆纤维露出S3层,分丝帚化减少;桉木浆纤维S2层微纤维持续剥离,分丝帚化增加。打浆后期,慈竹浆纤维的S3层不容易剥离出微纤维,分丝帚化不明显;桉木浆纤维S3层容易剥离出微纤维,分丝帚化明显。     

苏州河部分流域食蚊鱼种群特征调查

食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)是苏州河一期治理后于2001年7月河里出现的第一种鱼。2010年7～8月在苏州河流域设置五个采样点,对食蚊鱼样品进行种群特征的数据统计和分析,检测鱼体、胚胎和样点水质的重金属离子含量。结果表明,目前河水重金属离子没有对食蚊鱼的生存造成影响,同时发现,苏州河食蚊鱼个体普遍偏小,种群正在形成发展中,合适的水文环境也是关系到食蚊鱼能否生存繁衍的一个重要因素。     

Ultrasonically Assisted Simultaneous Extraction of Isoorientin,Orientin, and Vitexin from Leaves of Neosinocalamus affinis (Rendle) Keng f. (N. affinis)

Ultrasonically assisted extraction (UAE) technique was developed for the simultaneous extraction of three main flavonoids, that is, isoorientin, orientin, and vitexin, from bamboo leaves of N. affinis, a discarded waste in the locality in this present work. Extraction conditions for each compound were optimized by factorial design coupled with exploration of interaction among factors using selectivity and yield of total flavonoids as evaluation indexes. The optimum conditions for UAE of these flavonoids were obtained. Recovery test and repeatability analysis of UAE technique under the optimized conditions was proven to be satisfactory for flavonoids investigated. Compared with the conventional refluxing extraction, ultrasonic method produces higher yields for each of flavonoids investigated and total flavonoids, with comparable selectivity for three flavonoids. Highly effective extraction of ultrasonic technique for flavonoids indicated it application prospect in the extraction of topic plant.     

The Shared Proteome of the Apomictic Fern Dryopteris affinis ssp. affinis and Its Sexual Relative Dryopteris oreades

Ferns are a diverse evolutionary lineage, sister to the seed plants, which is of great ecological importance and has a high biotechnological potential. Fern gametophytes represent one of the simplest autotrophic, multicellular plant forms and show several experimental advantages, including a simple and space-efficient in vitro culture system. However, the molecular basis of fern growth and development has hardly been studied. Here, we report on a proteomic study that identified 417 proteins shared by gametophytes of the apogamous fern Dryopteris affinis ssp. affinis and its sexual relative Dryopteris oreades. Most proteins are predicted to localize to the cytoplasm, the chloroplast, or the nucleus, and are linked to enzymatic, binding, and structural activities. A subset of 145 proteins are involved in growth, reproduction, phytohormone signaling and biosynthesis, and gene expression, including homologs of SHEPHERD (SHD), HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90-5 (CR88), TRP4, BOBBER 1 (BOB1), FLAVONE 3’-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (OMT1), ZEAXANTHIN EPOXIDASE (ABA1), GLUTAMATE DESCARBOXYLASE 1 (GAD), and dsRNA-BINDING DOMAIN-LIKE SUPERFAMILY PROTEIN (HLY1). Nearly 25% of the annotated proteins are associated with responses to biotic and abiotic stimuli. As for biotic stress, the proteins PROTEIN SGT1 HOMOLOG B (SGT1B), SUPPRESSOR OF SA INSENSITIVE2 (SSI2), PHOSPHOLIPASE D ALPHA 1 (PLDALPHA1), SERINE/THREONINE-PROTEIN KINASE SRK2E (OST1), ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN 4 (ACP4), and NONHOST RESISTANCE TO P. S. PHASEOLICOLA1 (GLPK) are worth mentioning. Regarding abiotic stimuli, we found proteins associated with oxidative stress: SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE[CU-ZN] 1 (CSD1), and GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE U19 (GSTU19), light intensity SERINE HYDROXYMETHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (SHM1) and UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYME E2 35 (UBC35), salt and heavy metal stress included MITOCHONDRIAL PHOSPHATE CARRIER PROTEIN 3 (PHT3;1), as well as drought and thermotolerance: LEA7, DEAD-BOX ATP-DEPENDENT RNA HELICASE 38 (LOS4), and abundant heat-shock proteins and other chaperones. In addition, we identified interactomes using the STRING platform, revealing protein–protein associations obtained from co-expression, co-occurrence, text mining, homology, databases, and experimental datasets. By focusing on ferns, this proteomic study increases our knowledge on plant development and evolution, and may inspire future applications in crop species.