Increasing the photocatalytic and fungicide activities of Ag3PO4 microcrystals under visible-light irradiation

The present study reports for the first time the performance of silver phosphate (Ag₃PO₄) microcrystals as photocatalyst (degradation of Rodamine B-RhB) and antifungal agent (against Candida albicans–C. albicans) under visible-light irradiation (455 nm). Ag₃PO₄ microcrystals were synthesized by a simple co-precipitation (CP) method at room temperature. The structural and electronic properties of the as-synthetized Ag₃PO₄ have been investigated before and after 4 cycles of RhB degradation under visible light using X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Raman spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectrophotometer and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images. The antifungal activity was analyzed in planktonic cells and 48h-biofilm of C. albicans by colony forming units (CFU) counting, confocal laser and FE-SE microscopies. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software. Morphological and structural modifications of Ag₃PO₄ were observed upon recycling. After 4 recycles, the material maintained its photodegradation property; an eightfold increase in the efficiency of Ag₃PO₄ was observed in planktonic cells and a two fold increase in biofilm when irradiated under visible light. Thus, higher antifungal effectiveness against C. albicans was obtained when associated with visible-light irradiation.     

Supercritical CO2 impregnation of Radiata pine with organic fungicides: Effect of operating conditions and two-parameters modeling

Supercritical impregnation of Radiata pine with ethyl acetate and decanal using CO₂ as carrier solvent has been studied at pilot plant scale. Radiata pine is one of the most common wood species that is originally from Australia and is widely grown in Spain and Portugal and ethyl acetate and decanal were selected as organic compounds.Some experiences were carried out to obtain the optimal operating conditions for the supercritical impregnation process. Experiments were conducted at pressures of 7–15 MPa, temperatures of 35–50 °C and solvent flow rate between 1.5 and 3.5 kg/h. The results of this study have indicated that the treatment gives much better preservative penetration and retention operating with low pressures (7.5 MPa), low temperatures (close to 35 °C) and moderate CO₂ flow rate (3.5 kg/h) in the selected operating range. Moreover, a simple mathematical model of two adjustable parameters (external mass transfer coefficient and partition coefficient) has demonstrated to fit the experimental impregnation curves with reasonable accuracy (average absolute deviation, 3–10%).     

Lc/Esi/Ms/Ms determination of postharvest fungicide residues in citrus juices

An LC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed for the quantitative detection of postharvest fungicide residues in citrus juices and reported in this paper. The analyses of thiabendazole (TBZ), carbendazim (MBC), thiophanate methyl (TPM), imazalil (IMZ) and prochloraz (PCZ) residues were performed by using a gradient elution in conjunction with positive ionization mode electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Fungicides were extracted from citrus juices with recoveries ranging from 79.8 to 101.2% and relative standard deviation better than 15%. The quantification limits ranged from 0.01 μg/kg IMZ to 0.06 μg/kg for MBC. The LC-MS-MS method was applied to commercial citrus juices, detecting MBC, TBZ and IMZ residues in the 90% of the samples. Prochloraz residues were detected only in one of the multifruit juice (orange, lemon and carrot) samples.     

甘蔗梢腐病原菌的鉴定及其室内毒力测定

由镰刀菌引起的甘蔗梢腐病,是甘蔗生产过程中一种常见病害.更为重要的是,甘蔗梢腐病株中常含有串珠镰刀菌类水溶性毒素,对人畜禽均有毒害作用,严重威胁食品安全及人类和动物的健康.本文针对从海南岛不同甘蔗种植区采集甘蔗梢腐病的典型病斑,对其分离和单孢纯化及鉴定.继而从中挑选了分别来自不同蔗区的4个有效单孢菌株,进而选择了6种常用杀菌剂,于室内对它们分别进行了毒力测定.进一步分别求得不同杀菌剂对相应菌株的剂量反应回归方程,各药剂对相应菌株的抑制中浓度EC 50、EC7 5及相关系数r值等.试验结果表明:多菌灵、灭病威、正品甲津托3种药剂对甘蔗梢腐病菌毒力较强,尤以多菌灵为最佳,其EC50为1.77～2.51μg/mL.菌核净的次之.比较而言,百菌清和代森锰锌2种药剂效果均不如前者的,特别是代森锰锌,其EC 50为62.5～227.63μg/mL.     

油菜菌核病菌对腐霉利的抗性诱变及抗药菌株的生物学特性

从江苏省镇江市和扬州市采集菌核病植株的茎,从中分离获得油菜菌核病菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）单菌核菌株。32个野生型菌株药剂敏感性（EC50）频率分布数据显示,病菌对腐霉利的敏感基线EC50值为0．1981±0．0220μg／mL,MIC（最小抑菌浓度）值为1．1±0．1595μg／mL。实验未发现田间抗腐霉利菌株。通过室内紫外线和药剂诱导,获得多株高抗腐霉利突变体（EC50〉1000μg／mL）。这些抗性突变株经转管培养5～20代后抗药性稳定。它们对同类药剂异菌脲和有机磷类甲基立枯磷也表现高抗,但对苯并咪唑类多菌灵敏感。与野生型敏感菌株相比,抗腐霉利突变株菌丝生长较慢,对油菜茎秆和叶片的致病力均较弱。     

油菜菌核病菌抗腐霉利菌株的生理生化特性及抗药机制初步分析

通过室内紫外线和药剂诱导,获得多株高抗腐霉利油菜菌核病菌（Sclerotiniasclerotiorum）突变体。与野生亲本菌株相比,抗性突变株（EC50〉800μg/mL）在高糖（〉40g/L蔗糖）和高盐（〉5g/LNaCl）培养基上生长缓慢,表明对高渗透压比较敏感;菌丝相对电导率较高,显示细胞膜透性增大,胞内电解质渗出较多。试验还发现,在含药培养液中,亲本菌株菌丝内甘油大量合成和积累,增加462.45%,而抗药突变株甘油含量仅稍有增加或有所下降,说明抗腐霉利突变株对外界渗透压的调节能力较低。根据已报道组氨酸激酶（HK）基因序列设计特异引物,经PCR扩增和测序,获得油菜菌核病菌HK基因保守区域序列1605bp。抗、感腐霉利菌株HK基因保守区域在第45位、第81位和第625位碱基不同,但编码的氨基酸一致。因此,油菜菌核病菌对腐霉利的抗性及抗药菌株的高渗敏感性与HK基因保守区域碱基突变无关。     

田间烟草赤星病菌繁殖代数与其对杀菌剂敏感性的关系

为合理用药、提高防效,探讨了田间烟草赤星病菌繁殖代数与其对杀菌剂敏感性的关系。室内进行了在田间烟草不同生长时期采集的6个赤星病菌株对杀菌剂敏感性测定,并用聚类分析方法比较了各菌株对杀菌剂敏感性差异。结果表明,不同时期采集的不同繁殖代数烟草赤星病菌株对"菌核净"的敏感性差异显著,其中4号菌株对"菌核净"最不敏感,EC50为193 3644mg/L,已产生一定的抗药性,其次为1号菌株,EC50为102 3738mg/L,对"菌核净"最敏感的是2号和3号菌株,EC50分别为42 0390和58 4109mg/L。表明不论前期还是后期采集的菌株都有对"菌核净"敏感和不敏感的,烟草赤星病菌株的繁殖代数与其对"菌核净"的敏感性无一定规律性。从聚类分析树状图也可以看出这种敏感性的差异情况。     

Enhanced Degradation of Azoxystrobin in Grapes and Model Systems by Ozone Fumigation during Storage

This study was conducted to investigate the natural decline in the residues of the world’s most widely used fungicide, azoxystrobin, in model systems and grapes stored in cold rooms and to determine if ozone fumigation during storage has a contribution to the degradation process. The level of the fungicide gradually decreased both in model systems and grapes with the reduction rates of 53 ± 2 and 29 ± 1%, respectively, at the end of storage. Addition of ozone (1.0 ppm) to the storage atmosphere was found to have a significant influence on fungicide degradation both in model systems and grapes and about 90% reduction rates were recorded. This is the first report demonstrating the accelerated degradation of azoxystrobin by the use of ozone gas treatment.     

防霉剂对木塑复合材料吸水性能的影响研究

研究了防霉剂对木塑材料自身吸水性能的影响,以竹粉/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、木粉/HDPE为供试复合材料,通过向其中添加一定量的ZB-2335、WPC-GUARD及ZD-29E、ZD-4E四种防霉剂,测试不同防霉剂对木塑材料吸水性能的影响.结果表明:无论是在室温还是在60℃条件下,四种防霉剂均对竹粉/HDPE、木粉/HDPE复合材料的吸水性能无显著影响.向竹粉/HDPE、木粉/HDPE复合材料中加入不同用量的ZD-29E防霉剂,测试了ZD-29E防霉剂用量对木塑材料吸水性能的影响,结果表明:无论是在室温还是60℃条件下,不同用量ZD-29E防霉剂的加入,对供试木塑材料的吸水性能无显著影响.     

四种杀菌剂对花生白绢病菌的毒力及田间控制作用

采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了戊唑醇、咪鲜胺、咯菌腈和醚菌酯对花生白绢病菌的室内毒力;并通过田间小区试验,比较了四种杀菌剂播种期拌种处理及结荚期灌药处理对该病害的田间控制作用。四种杀菌剂对病原菌菌丝生长均表现出明显的抑制作用,其EC。值分别为0．05、0．03、0．22和0．61mg／L。田间试验表明,四种药剂结荚期灌药处理防效均高于播种期拌种处理。其中,戊唑醇处理的防效相对较高,拌种处理防效为62．91％-74．93％,灌药处理防效达到68．60％～82．87％。各药剂处理具有一定的增产效果,且结荚期灌药处理增产率高于拌种处理,戊唑醇处理增产率最高,达到10．74％～11．55％。