The Holy Alignment: Geodesic and Astronomical Fundamentals for Calculating the Adjustment of Medieval Naves

It is commonly believed that the longitudinal axes of churches extend exactly in an east-west direction. However, thorough investigations have shown that this is not always correct; rather, both southern and northern deviations of up to about 25° can occur. The angular deviation between the church axis and true east is called the Holy Alignment. This present study presents the possibility that the nave is oriented towards the direction of the sun-rising point on the name day of the patron saint of the church. If several saints share the patronage, the Holy Alignment equals the algebraic sum of the angular distances for each saint. The orientation of a nave can be analyzed by means of common mathematical relations used in geodesy, astronomy and gnomonics. In order to perform such an analysis, it is necessary to know the history of the patronage of the church; the Gauss-Krüger coordinates of the ground plan; and characteristic astronomical quantities at the time the church was built. A calculated example with the saints Andrew, James and Philip for the year 980 illustrates the analysis. An appendix deals with the influence of atmospheric refraction on the apparent altitude of the sun near the horizon.     

Primary process content in the King James Bible: The five stages of Christian mysticism

Freud (1900/1938) described primary process thought as an archaic, global, nontemporal mode of consciousness in which logic and disbelief are suspended. Hypothetically, it is the form of awareness associated with mystical experiences. The Regressive Imagery Dictionary (Martindale, 1975) is a well-validated computerized content-analytic measure of primary process thought in natural language texts. The dictionary was used to assess mystic content in the King James Bible. Across the entire Bible, primary process content best fits a fifth-degree polynomial function consistent with Underhill's (1911) model of spiritual development in the prototypical Christian mystic.Alan N. West is a staff psychologist at the Veterans Administration Hospital in White River Junction, and is a member of the faculty at Dartmouth College. His research interests include content analysis and treatment outcome studies. He has published articles on primary process in the Journal of Genetic Psychology and in the Journal of Personality Assessment.     

Samuel Palmer and the Pastoral Vision

Colin Harrison , Senior Curator of European Art at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, describes how the English 19th-century artist Samuel Palmer was deeply influenced by the poet and painter William Blake. Palmer's sublime paintings of the 1820s placed a new emphasis on the harmony of nature, reinterpreting traditional subjects entirely afresh, placing the Holy Family not in the Holy Land, but in the English countryside.     

From basil seed to flexible supercapacitors: Green synthesis of heteroatom-enriched porous carbon by self-gelation strategy

Basil seed-derived multi-heteroatom–doped porous carbons (BHPCs) are successfully synthesized by a facile gelation, followed by a moderate gel water/KOH coactivation process. The BHPC-700 prepared at a relatively low KOH loading and activation temperature possesses large specific surface area (1178.3 m² g⁻¹), well-defined hierarchical micro/meso porosity, and rich self-doping heteroatom functionalities (13.08 at% of oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur). Electrochemical tests demonstrate that the BHPC-700–based electrode achieves an ultrahigh specific capacitance (464 F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹), outstanding rate performance (retaining 73.3% capacitance at 50 A g⁻¹), and superior cyclic stability (96.8% capacitance retention over 5000 cycles). Furthermore, the BHPC-700 electrodes are assembled into all-solid-state symmetrical supercapacitors. The as-assembled device gives a high energy density of 15.0 Wh kg⁻¹ at a power density of 500 W kg⁻¹ and remarkable flexibility, demonstrating great application prospects in the area of sustainable portable electronics.     

Optimisation of process parameters to develop nutritionally rich spray‐dried honey powder with vitamin C content and antioxidant properties

The aim of present research was to optimise the conditions to develop nutritionally rich honey powder using honey, whey protein concentrate (WPC), aonla (Emblica officinalis. Gaertn) and basil (Ocimum sanctum) extract with the help of co‐current spray drier. Response surface methodology was applied to study the effects of inlet temperature (160–180 °C), whey protein concentrate (25–35%), feed flow rate (0.08–0.13 mL s^?1), aonla extract (6–8%) and basil extract (6–8%) on product responses, viz. bulk density, hygroscopicity, antioxidant activity (AOA), total phenolic content (TPC) and vitamin C. Statistical analysis revealed that independent variables significantly affected all the responses. The results demonstrated that increasing inlet temperature lowered the bulk density, hygroscopicity, AOA, TPC and vitamin C, whereas addition of aonla extract and basil extract increased the AOA (82.73%), TPC (63.27%) and total vitamin C content (94.89%) as these functional compounds were encapsulated by WPC. Similarly, with increase in feed flow rate and WPC, there was increase and decrease in the bulk density and hygroscopicity, respectively. The recommended optimum spray‐drying conditions were inlet air temperature (170 °C), feed rate (0.11 mL s^?1), whey protein concentrate (35%), aonla (8%) and basil extract (6%).     

GC／MS分析泰国圣罗勒精油（Holybasil oil）化学成分的研究

利用气相色谱－质谱－计算机联用仪技术对泰国圣罗勒精油（Ｈｏｌｙ ｂａｓｉｌ ｏｉｌ）的化学成分进行研究分析,分离鉴定２２种成分,其中主要成分为石竹烯４５．８８％,丁香酚３５．７７％,巴伦西亚桔子烯６．９７％、甲位桉叶烯１．８７％;甲基丁香酚１．６８％、氧化石竹烯１．４０％。     

Basil Oil is a Promising Skin Penetration Enhancer for Transdermal Delivery of Labetolol Hydrochloride

Thepresent work investigates effectiveness of basil oil, a volatile oil containing alcoholic terpenes, as a potential penetration enhancer for improved skin permeation of labetolol hydrochloride (LHCl) with reference to camphor, geraniol, thymol, and clove oil. Saturation solubilities of LHCl were determined in water, vehicle (ethanol:water, 60:40 v/v) and vehicle containing 5% w/v terpenes. Comparable (P > 0.05) saturation solubilities were found suggesting an insignificant increase in LHCl flux across rat skin on account of thermodynamic activity. Permeation of LHCl in vehicle per se and in presence of 5% w/v enhancer was investigated by performing in vitro rat abdominal skin permeation studies using a side-by-side glass diffusion cell. Various parameters viz. steady state flux, permeability coefficient, lag time, partition coefficient, diffusion coefficient, and enhancement ratios (ER) were calculated from the permeation data. Basil oil produced the maximum enhancement (ER?=?46.52) over neat vehicle, among all enhancers. Activation energies for LHCl permeation in water, vehicle per se and in presence of 5% w/v basil oil were found to be 23.16, 18.71, and 10.98 kcal/mole, respectively. Lowering of activation energy in presence of basil oil suggests creation of new polar pathways in the skin for enhanced permeation of LHCl. Basil oil is proposed as a promising penetration enhancer for improved transdermal drug delivery of labetolol.