Flame retardancy of cotton textiles by plasma-induced graft-polymerization (PIGP)

The permanent fire proofing of textiles of natural origin such as cotton is still challenging because only a surface treatment can be applied. Moreover, to be resistant to washing or harsh weather conditions the flame retardant must be fixed strongly to the surface, most efficiently achieved via covalent bonds. For that purpose, the simultaneous grafting and polymerization of fire retardant monomers on cotton fabric induced by argon plasma have been investigated with four acrylate monomers containing phosphorus, diethyl(acryloyloxyethyl)phosphate (DEAEP), diethyl-2-(methacryloyloxyethyl)phosphate (DEMEP), diethyl(acryloyloxymethyl)phosphonate (DEAMP) and dimethyl(acryloyloxymethyl)phosphonate (DMAMP), which are known to be effective for this application. We also report the synthesis and the plasma-induced graft-polymerization (PIGP) of two new phosphoramidate monomers, diethyl(acryloyloxyethyl)phosphoramidate (DEAEPN) and acryloyloxy-1,3-bis(diethylphosphoramidate)propan (BisDEAEPN) on cotton fabrics. Their flame retardant effect was compared with the previously used acrylate phosphate and phosphonate monomers. DEAEPN and BisDEAEPN exhibit the highest LOI values (28.5 and 29.5 respectively). The good flame retardant properties of these phosphoramidate monomers are attributed to the presence of nitrogen which causes a synergistic enhancement in the efficiency of phosphorus-based flame retardants. The grafting and the polymerization processes taking place on the surface of the cotton textile were followed by weighing measurements, IR (ATR) spectroscopy and SEM. The fire retardant character of the treated fabrics was investigated by thermogravimetric analyses and LOI measurements. The durability of the treatment was investigated by using the accelerated method of laundering proposed by McSherry et al.     

膨胀型阻燃剂处理棉织物的工艺研究

采用聚磷酸铵为酸源、三聚氰胺为气源、季戊四醇为碳源的膨胀型阻燃剂对棉织物进行整理。并用氧指数测试仪、垂直燃烧仪、热重分析仪和电子织物强力机对阻燃棉织物的阻燃效果和性能进行测试。通过正交试验探讨了聚磷酸铵、三聚氰胺和季戊四醇三组分的最佳配比；通过单因素试验选定了APP的制液温度、焙烘温度、焙烘时间、轧余率等工艺条件。结果表明，三组分APP／PER／MEL的最佳配比为10：8：1；当APP的制液温度在80～90℃，焙烘温度为150℃，焙烘时间为12ns．轧余率为Rn％～90％的条件下罄理的棉织物阻燃效粟最好．     

Correlations between pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry and conventional flammability tests with halogen‐free flame retardant polyolefin compounds

Seven halogen‐free flame retardant (FR) compounds were evaluated using pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and cone calorimetry. Performance of wires coated with the compounds was evaluated using industry standard flame tests. The results suggest that time to peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat released (THR) in cone calorimetry (and THR and temperature at PHRR in PCFC) be given more attention in FR compound evaluation. Results were analyzed using flame spread theory. As predicted, the lateral flame spread velocity was independent of PHRR and heat release capacity. However, no angular dependence of flame spread velocity was observed. Thus, the thermal theory of ignition and flame spread, which assumes that ignition at the flame front occurs at a particular flame and ignition temperature, provides little insight into the performance of the compounds. However, results are consistent with a heat release rate greater than about 66kW/m² during flame propagation for sustained ignition of insulated wires containing mineral fillers, in agreement with a critical heat release rate criterion for burning. Mineral fillers can reduce heat release rate below the threshold value by lowering the flaming combustion efficiency and fuel content. A rapid screening procedure using PCFC is suggested by logistic regression of the binary (burn/no‐burn) results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于nRF24L01的钢丝绳无损检测系统

提出一种基于nRF24L01的钢丝绳无损检测系统设计方法,利用该系统对在线钢丝绳进行无损检测,检测结果采用nRF24L01进行无线传输,克服了有线传输的应用弊端,解决了钢丝绳恶劣的工作环境和其无损检测有线传输方式的矛盾,提高了检测精度。可以保证在役钢丝绳的安全可靠,避免钢丝绳更换的盲目性,做到按照钢丝绳的运行状态进行预知维修。并重点讲述了系统的硬件和软件设计,给出了详细的结论。     

阻燃高分子复合材料的研究进展

综述了阻燃高分子复合材料的发展概况 ,并介绍了几种典型的阻燃复合材料的分类及特性。指出了阻燃高分子复合材料的发展方向     

Rubber/LDH nanocomposites by solution blending

The rubber nanocomposites containing ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) having 60 wt % of vinyl acetate content and organomodified layered double hydroxide (DS‐LDH) as nanofiller have been prepared by solution intercalation method and characterized. The XRD and TEM analysis demonstrate the formation of completely exfoliated EVA/DS‐LDH nanocomposites for 1 wt % filler loading followed by partially exfoliated structure for 5–8 wt % of DS‐LDH content. EVA/DS‐LDH nanocomposites show improved mechanical properties such as tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EB) in comparison with neat EVA. The maximum value of TS (5.1 MPa) is noted for 3 wt % of DS‐LDH content with respect to TS value of pure EVA (2.6 MPa). The data from thermogravimetric analysis show the improvement in thermal stability of the nanocomposites by ≈15°C with respect to neat EVA. Limiting oxygen index measurements show that the nanocomposites act as good flame retardant materials. Swelling property analysis shows improved solvent resistance behavior of the nanocomposites (1, 3, and 5 wt % DS‐LDH content) compared with neat EVA‐60. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Development of halogen‐free flame‐retardant thermoplastic elastomer polymer blend

Ethylene‐propylene diene rubber (EPDM) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP) blends have widest industrial applications that require a degree of flame retardancy. Halogen‐free intumescent technology based on phosphorous salt is a significantly advanced approach to make the polymer flame‐retardant. Both ammonium polyphosphate and ethylenediamine phosphate are important intumescent compounds. Their combination with carbonific and spumific agents were studied in binary blends of EPDM/PP. The polymer system was vulcanized online during melt mixing. Intumescent flame‐retardant polymer systems exhibit good flame‐retardancy with optimum comparable physiomechanical, electrical, and fluid resistance properties, including lower smoke emission, which is essential to protect people because the visibility remains unaffected in the event of fire. Pronounced charring and intumescent effect appear to enhance the flame‐retardancy of the polymers. Possible expected intumescent mechanism is proposed based on the nonpyrolysis mechanism for the flame‐retarded polymer and the intumescent components. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 407–415, 2004     

Intrinsic flame resistance of polyurethane flexible foams: Unexpectedly low flammability without any flame retardant

Virgin polyurethane flexible foams are widely assumed to be highly flammable materials. The flammability of three model polyurethane flexible foams suggests that this may not be universally true. Two of them show unexpectedly low flammability in the limiting oxygen index test and pass flammability tests such as FMVSS 302 and FAR 25.853. Cone calorimetric measurements at 25 kW/m² and 50 kW/m² furthermore show a high resistance against ignition and demonstrate the self‐extinguishing properties of these two virgin, flame‐retardant‐free, polyurethane flexible foams.     

反应性单体丙烯酸改性Sb2 O3填充PP的热降解行为

用双螺杆挤出机制备了三氧化二锑／聚丙烯(Sb2O3／PP)和有无引发剂DCP存在下丙稀酸(AA)改性Sb2O3／PP。用TGA方法研究了制备样品的热降解行为。结果表明Sb2O3的加入明显提高了PP的热分解温度和热稳定性。反应性单体丙烯酸改性可改善Sb2O3与PP的界面相互作用和填料的分散性,而对Sb2O3的热降解行为无大的影响。     

磷系共聚酯阻燃涤纶长丝生产工艺

介绍了磷系共聚阻燃涤纶长丝的生产工艺,并对切片干燥、纺丝温度、纺丝速度、侧吹风及拉伸变形工艺进行了讨论。其织物的极限氧指数（ＬＯＩ）达３０％以上,阻燃性能优良