Maternal Flaxseed Oil During Lactation Enhances Bone Development in Male Rat Pups

Flaxseed oil is an alpha linolenic acid source important in the growth and body development stage; furthermore, this acid acts on adipose tissue and bone health. The aim of this study was to evaluate body composition, fatty acid composition, hormone profile, retroperitoneal adipocyte area and femur structure of pups at weaning, whose mothers were fed a diet containing flaxseed oil during lactation. After birth, pups were randomly assigned: control (C, n = 12) and flaxseed oil (FO, n = 12), rats whose mothers were treated with diet containing soybean or flaxseed oil. At 21 days, the pups were weaned and body mass, length, body composition, biochemical parameter, leptin, osteoprotegerin, osteocalcin, fatty acids composition, intra‐abdominal fat mass and femur structure were analyzed. FO showed (p < 0.05): higher body mass (+12 %) and length (+9 %); body fat mass (g, +45 %); bone mineral density (+8 %), bone mineral content (+55 %) and bone area (+35 %), osteocalcin (+173 %) and osteoprotegerin (+183 %). Arachidonic acid was lower (p < 0.0001), alpha‐linolenic and eicosapentaenoic were higher (p < 0.0001). Intra‐abdominal fat mass was higher (+25 %), however, the retroperitoneal adipocytes area was lower (?44 %). Femur mass (+10 %), distance between epiphyses (+4 %) and bone mineral density (+13 %) were higher. The study demonstrates that adequate flaxseed oil content during a lactation diet plays an important role in the development of pups.     

Supplemental Conjugated Linoleic Acid Consumption Does Not Influence Milk Macronutrient Contents in all Healthy Lactating Women

The term “conjugated linoleic acid” (CLA) refers to a group of positional and geometric isomers that are derived from linoleic acid and are found primarily in meat and milk products from ruminant animals. Due to the array of putative benefits associated with various forms of CLA, there has been recent interest in supplementing human diets with these fatty acids especially when weight loss is desired. However, in many animal models, CLA has been shown to decrease milk fat production. There is some concern, therefore, that maternal CLA supplementation during lactation might inadvertently decrease nutrient supply to the nursing infant. However, there is only limited research on the effect of CLA consumption on milk fat content in women. Based on previously published work from our laboratory, we hypothesized that CLA supplementation would reduce the milk fat percentage in lactating women in a dose-dependent manner. Breastfeeding women (n = 12) were assigned randomly to treatments of 4 g/day safflower oil (SFO), 2 g/day CLA plus 2 g/day SFO, or 4 g/day CLA in a double blind, 3 × 3 Latin square design. Conjugated linoleic acid supplements contained approximately equal amounts of cis9,trans11–18:2 and trans10,cis12–18:2; the two most common isoforms of CLA. Milk was collected by complete breast expression on the last day (day 5) of each intervention period and analyzed for macronutrient and fatty acid composition. On day 4 of each intervention period, infant milk consumption was estimated by 24 h weighing of the infant. Washout periods were 9 days in length. We observed a dose-dependent increase in the concentrations of cis9,trans11–18:2 and trans10,cis12–18:2 in the milk fat. However, we detected neither a change in overall macronutrient composition nor infant milk consumption. These data do not support those obtained from animal models or our previous human work suggesting that consumption of CLA mixtures necessarily reduces milk fat. It is possible that either (1) the interpretation of our previously published data should be reevaluated, and/or (2) there are important intra- and inter-species differences in this regard.     

Consumption of c9,t11-18:2 or t10,c12-18:2 enriched dietary supplements does not influence milk macronutrients in healthy, lactating women

Substantial research suggests that the t10,c12–18:2, but not the c9,t11–18:2, isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces milk fat synthesis in lactating bovine and rodent species. Because fat is the major energy-yielding component in human milk, we were interested in whether this is true for women as well. Thus, the effects of c9,t11–18:2 and t10,c12–18:2 on milk fat were examined in breast-feeding women (n = 12) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study with latin-square design. The study was divided into six periods: baseline (3 days), three intervention periods (5 days each), and two washout periods (9 days each). During each intervention period, women consumed 750 mg/day of a supplement containing predominantly c9,t11–18:2, t10,c12–18:2, or 18:1 (olive oil placebo). Milk was collected by complete breast expression on the final day of each period. Infant milk consumption was estimated by 24 h weighing on the penultimate day of each intervention and washout period, and maternal adiposity (% body fat) was determined at baseline using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Milk c9,t11–18:2 and t10,c12–18:2 concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) during the corresponding CLA treatment periods as compared to the placebo period, providing strong evidence of subject compliance. Both CLA isomers were transferred into milk fat at relatively high efficiency; average transfer efficiency was estimated to be 23.3%. Compared to the placebo treatment, milk fat content was not reduced during either CLA treatment. Data indicate that body fatness did not modify any putative effect of isomeric CLA consumption on milk fat concentration. The evidence from this study suggests that the sensitivity of lactating women’s mammary tissue to an anti-lipogenic effect of the t10,c12–18:2 isoform of CLA may be less than previously hypothesized.     

妊娠期和哺乳期连续微波辐射对小鼠学习记忆功能的影响与甲状腺激素作用研究

本研究主要探讨妊娠期间和哺乳期间连续微波辐射,对胎鼠和乳鼠成年后学习记忆功能的影响,以及甲状腺激素T3、T4在其中的作用。实验采用SPF级昆明小鼠48只,分为妊娠期组与哺乳期组,并分别设立对照组,采用30mW／cm^2的微波,每天一次性辐射20min,连续辐射,其中对照组只做假辐射处理。妊娠期组自妊娠第1天起辐射至孕鼠分娩,共辐射21天;哺乳期组自出生第1天起连续辐射21天。在辐射第15天时分别取孕鼠和乳鼠血清,采用放免法测血清中游离T3、T4（F13、FT4）含量,待胎鼠及乳鼠成年后（2月龄）采用Morris水迷宫检测其学习记忆功能。研究发现妊娠期辐射组血清FT4明显低于对照组（p〈0．05）,而FV3没有显著变化;在定位导航实验中,其寻找平台的潜伏期明显高于对照组（p〈0．05）,空间搜索实验中在目的象限的停留时间（17．70±7．07s）明显低于对照组（27．14±5．36s）（p〈0．05）,跨越虚拟平台的次数（0．83±0．41）也明显低于对照组（1．67±0．52）（p〈0．01）哺乳期辐射组血清FT4没有显著变化,而FT3显著降低（p〈0．05）;在Morris水迷宫实验中,其各项检测指标与对照组相比,没有显著差异。以上结果表明,哺乳期间连续微波辐射能导致乳鼠血清FT3降低,但对乳鼠成年后学习记忆功能无明显影响;妊娠期间连续微波辐射能导致孕鼠血清FT4降低,胎鼠成年后学习记忆功能下降,提示FT4下降可能是微波辐射致胎鼠成年后学习记忆功能下降的因素之一。     

Fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with factorial discriminant analysis technique to identify sheep milk from different feeding systems

Rapid measurements of milk properties and discrimination of milk origin are necessary techniques for quality control of milk products. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of using front face fluorescence spectroscopy (FFFS) and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) for monitoring the quality of forty-five ewe’s milk samples originating from different feeding systems. Physico-chemical analyses and fluorescence spectra were conducted on samples during lactation periods (the first 11 weeks). The principal component analysis (PCA) separately applied to the physico-chemical and fluorescence spectral data showed only small discrimination between milk samples based on lactation periods and diet compositions. Similar results were obtained by separately applying factorial discriminant analysis (FDA) on each technique. In a second step, concatenation technique were applied to FFF spectra acquired after excitation set at 250, 290, 380 nm and emission set at 410 nm. Results obtained showed a good discrimination among milk samples with regard to feeding systems given to the ewes throughout the lactation periods. In addition, a better discrimination was observed with FFFS than with SFS.     

哺乳期大鼠大量摄入酒精对子代成年期胰岛素敏感性的影响

目的观察哺乳期大鼠大量摄入酒精对子代成年期胰岛素敏感性的影响。方法将Wistar雌鼠哺乳期酒精灌胃4g/kg·d,对照组给予等容积蒸馏水。子代出生后,每周测量体重1次,断乳后1周开始测量进食量;对第16周龄子代雄性鼠进行静脉葡萄糖耐量试验;Western blot检测骨骼肌细胞膜葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)含量;酶学法测定血浆和骨骼肌甘油三酯(TG)含量。结果哺乳期大鼠摄入酒精对后代生长发育无明显影响。与对照组比较,哺乳期大鼠摄入酒精的子代鼠16周龄时,葡萄糖耐量降低,血糖曲线下面积增加,胰岛素敏感指数(SI)、处置指数(DI)及葡萄糖耐量指数(KG)均明显降低,但葡萄糖效应指数(SG)与对照组比较,差异无显著意义,葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素快速反应分泌总量差异亦无显著意义;哺乳期大鼠摄入酒精的子代鼠,骨骼肌细胞膜GLUT4含量、血浆及骨骼肌TG含量与对照组比较,差异均无显著意义。结论哺乳期大鼠大量摄入酒精可引起后代成年期发生胰岛素抵抗,其发生机制与骨骼肌GLUT4转位及TG含量无关。     

泌乳月份及部分乳成分与牛乳中体细胞数关系的相关性研究

本研究利用陕西省西安市草滩牛场第五奶牛场62头泌乳牛2003年8个月的DHI记录资料,对泌乳月份及部分乳成分与牛乳中体细胞数的关系进行了研究.结果表明,体细胞数与日产奶量,日产奶量与乳蛋白率、乳脂率呈极显著的负相关(P＜0.01),体细胞数与乳蛋白率与乳脂率之间无显著相关关系(P＞0.05),乳蛋白率与乳脂率呈极显著的正相关(P＜0.01).5、7和10月份样品平均体细胞数较高,分别为789×103mL-1,696×103mL-1、1031×103mL-1,3月份样品平均体细胞数最低为390×103mL-1.     

Sex‐specific Alterations in Serology and the Expression of Liver FATP4 Protein in Offspring Exposed to High‐Fat Diet during Pregnancy and/or Lactation

Changes in dietary composition will have a significant impact on the nutritional status of the mother and the offspring. To examine the relevant hormone level changes during lactation and the expression of fatty acid transporters in the placenta and liver under the condition of a high‐fat (HF) diet, we established HF animal models and conducted a cross‐fostering program to mimic the shift in diet. On gestation day (GD)18, the weight of placenta in the HF group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05). HF‐fed male pups had a significantly lower serum insulin level, but the same phenomenon was not found in females. On the contrary, serum triacylglycerol (TAG) level presented a tendency to decrease only in female offspring. Oil red O staining showed lipid accumulation in the HF diet offspring livers. The mRNA levels of FATP4 in the placenta in the HF diet group were significantly upregulated compared to the control diet group (p < 0.05). High‐fat diet (HFD) consumption also altered the liver mRNA levels of FATP4, SREBP‐1, and SCD‐1 in the male offspring, while the changes in protein levels of FATP4 were not observed in either sex. In conclusion, maternal HF diet has a profound impact on offspring growth, metabolism, and the risk of metabolic disorders, which would depend on the exposure period of pregnancy and lactation.