Relative Contributions of the Male and the Female to Sexual Behavior and Reproductive Success in the Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica).

Two contrasting investigative techniques provided evidence consistent with the interpretation that female quail (Coturnix japonica) regulate male copulatory behavior by the duration of their immobility and through this behavioral mechanism they also control the rate of fertilization of their eggs. In Experiment 1, copulation tests with males and females from different genetic lines showed that the type of female that participated in a copulatory test significantly influenced the latency of the male's grab, mount, and cloacal contact responses and also determined the efficiency of the male's copulatory behavior. These measures of male performance were correlated with female immobility in Experiment 2, which used a more homogeneous population of quail. Furthermore, 2 of these measures (copulatory efficiency and the latency to make cloacal contact) were correlated with fertilization rate. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

薇菜干色变条件的研究

为了完善薇菜干加工工艺,实现工厂化规模化生产,以及提高制作鲜薇菜采收的预处理,通过设置不同温度、光照时间、光照强度。漂烫时间等因素,研究制作条件对薇菜从采收到色变等加工工艺的影响。结果表明,漂烫时间、光照强度和时间对薇菜干的制作工艺色变效果影响较大,烘焙干燥温度影响较小。同时,得出青色和褐色鲜薇菜对薇菜干品质的影响存在差异。其结果为：在盐水浓度为1％的开水中漂烫3 min后再在35℃、光照强度为6800 lx左右干燥5．5 h后能到效果较好的“赤干”,此为薇菜干从新鲜采摘到干品工艺制作的理想条件。     

大穗型超级杂交粳稻辽优3072产量结构及灌浆特性研究

对北方大穗型超级杂交粳稻辽优3072进行了产量结构和灌浆特性的研究。结果表明：辽优3072在产量结构上表现出了较强的杂交优势，比对照辽粳294增产明显。辽优3072在灌浆上的特点为穗上、中、下各部间干物质充实及灌浆速率差异较小：穗下部灌浆启动早，后期灌浆速率大；整穗表现出较强的持续灌浆能力。辽优3072良好的籽粒灌浆特性是其在产量上表现出超高产的生理基础之一。同时探讨了利用水稻杂交优势选育具有特异灌浆特性的杂交组合的育种思路以及在北方冷凉稻区推广大穗型超级杂交粳稻品种的可能性。     

膜法提取甘露醇过程中膜的微生物污染及其控制

报告了海藻工业膜集成技术提取甘露醇工业化生产过程中膜的微生物污染及其控制的研究结果和长期运行的措施、经验．研究和运行结果表明，膜法提取甘露醇过程，极易发生微生物污染，且发展迅猛，危害严重．影响微生物污染的因素比较复杂，其主要因素是料液水温、含盐浓度、系统设计和运行状况；与常规膜法水处理过程不同，控制发生微生物污染，除了监控进料液SDI指标外，还要求控制进料液内菌群总数小于或等于2000cfv／mL；需重视清洗和杀菌消毒系统设计，确保清洗、杀菌剂能充满一切管阀、部件空间并清洗到每一个部分；选用尽量简短的工艺流程和抗污染膜组件；采用经济、有效、安全的杀菌剂并按规范程序进行消毒，只要严格按上述措施操作就可控制其微生物污染，保障系统稳妥运行．     

Preparation and Intestinal Immunostimulating Activity of Low Molecular Weight Alginate from Saccharina (Laminaria) Species in Japan

We studied the structure of alginates extracted from five commercial Saccharina (Laminaria) species including three varieties (eight samples in all) harvested in Hokkaido, Japan. The algae used were Saccharina japonica, S. japonica var. diabolica, S. japonica var. ochotensis, S. japonica var. religiosa, S. longissima, S. coriacea, S. angustata, and S. sculpera (Kjellmaniella crassiforia). These alginates have molar fractions of mannuronic acid (F_M) ranging from 0.68 to 0.76 and weight average molecular weights (M_ws) ranging from 511,000 to 616,000. Alginate samples from both S. angustata (F_M = 0.76) and S. longissima (F_M = 0.68) showed intestinal immunological activity through Peyer’s patch cells of C3H/HeJ mice. Low molecular weight S. angustata alginate (F_M = 0.75, M_w = 70,000) degraded using a wet pulverizing system showed higher activity than the native one.     

Quality of dried haskap berries (Lonicera caerulea L.) as affected by prior juice extraction,osmotic treatment,and drying conditions

The effect of juice extraction conditions on the quality of haskap berries (Lonicera caerulea L.) dried at different temperatures (60, 100, and 140°C) was investigated. The conventional juice extraction (process A) consisted of a two-press process, where thawed berries were pressed, and osmotic treatment was applied before pressing again. This was compared with a modified extraction (process B), which applied osmotic treatment during fruit thawing and only one press was used for extraction. The quality parameters investigated included moisture content, pressed berry yield, extraction loss, drying yield, total anthocyanin content (TAC), vitamin C content, and the rehydration characteristics of the final dried berries. Pressing the berries to 70% juice yield resulted in a higher pressed berry yield and better physicochemical quality in the pressed product. The yield was 26.39 and 28.92% in the conventional and modified extraction, with moisture contents of 70.32 and 77.75%, respectively. The TACs of pressed berries from extraction processes A and B were 24.62 and 33.03?mg C-3-G g^?1 DW and the vitamin C contents were 14.14 and 36.18?mg/100?g, respectively. Drying at 60°C until 25% moisture content was better than at higher temperatures, resulting in a better quality dried product. It revealed drying yields of 45.32 and 52.75%, TACs of 4.00 and 4.30?mg C-3-G g^?1 DW, vitamin C contents of 2.97 and 4.91?mg /100?g, and rehydration ratios of 2.22 and 2.37 from processes A and B, respectively. Process B with the one-step extraction is recommended for higher pressed berry yield, higher drying yield, and enhanced quality of the pressed and dried products. It is also a more efficient process, in terms of time, cost, and energy.     

Multiple uses of Essential Oil and By-Products from Various Parts of the Yakushima Native Cedar (Cryptomeria Japonica)

This article presents multiple potential uses of the Yakushima native cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), known in Japan as the Yaku-sugi tree. The Yaku-sugi was divided into four parts: leaves, branches with leaves, branches, and stems. We obtained the essential oil, hydrosol, distillation residue, and distillation wastewater from the trees. Essential oil and hydrosol were determined to be volatile organic compounds. All samples were screened for the following bioactivities: antioxidative, antibacterial, and anti-melanogenesis activities. Freeze-dried distillation residue was tested to assess whether it had a deodorizing effect. The main component of the leaf essential oil was found to be monoterpenes. In contrast, the stem essential oil mainly contained sesquiterpenes. In terms of bioactivities, the leaf essential oil showed antibacterial activity and the stem essential oil showed anti-melanogenesis activity. Distillation residue and wastewater showed many activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-melanogenesis activities. Moreover, the residue had a deodorizing effect against ammonia.     

不同年份对虾白斑综合征病毒基因组差异的微阵列分析

根据对虾白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)全基因组序列的分析与应用,设计了190对引物,覆盖全基因组绝大多数可预测的开放读框(ORF).扩增相应基因片段,在尼龙膜上点样,制备成为DNA微阵列.收集了1996年和2002年感染阳性对虾,分别提取纯病毒基因组DNA,用地高辛标记后与DNA微阵列杂交.与1996年病毒株相比较,2002年病毒株缺失了wsv479、wsv482、wsv489和wsv493.运用PCR技术验证了DNA微阵列杂交结果的可靠性.     

Associations between Oil Yield and Profile of Fatty Acids,Sterols, Squalene,Carotenoids, and Tocopherols in Seed Oil of Selected Japanese Quince Genotypes during Fruit Development

Tocopherols, phytosterols, carotenoids, and squalene are present in mature seeds of Japanese quince. Yet, little is known about the relationship between these compounds and oil yield during fruit and seed development. The profile change of lipophilic compounds during fruit and seed development in Japanese quince cultivars “Darius,” “Rondo,” and “Rasa” is investigated. It is shown here that during fruit and seed development, there is a significant reduction, three‐ to over tenfold, in the concentration of minor bioactive compounds in seed oil. It is recorded that delay between synthesis of tocopherols and oil in Japanese quince seeds during the fruit development results in a logarithmic relationship between the oil content and tocopherols concentration in the seed oil (R² = 0.980). Similar trends are observed between oil yield and phytosterols, and carotenoids (R² = 0.927 and R² = 0.959, respectively). The profile of fatty acids during the development of the seeds significantly is changed. The reduction of linoleic, palmitic, and gondoic acids levels and increment of oleic acid is noted. The oil content, profile of fatty acids, and concentration of bioactive compounds in all three genotypes of Japanese quince do not change significantly statistically during the last month of fruit development. Practical Applications: Some fruits are harvested at different degrees of maturity mainly due to a logistic issue and uneven ripening of fruits, which affects the chemical composition of whole fruit including seeds. Therefore, it would be good to know how the chemical composition is changing in plant material during development especially in the last month before harvest. Production of Japanese quince continues to rise year to year and with it the volume of generated by‐products such as seeds. This study demonstrates how it changes the oil content, profile of fatty acid, and concentration of tocopherols, squalene, phytosterols, and carotenoids in the seeds and seed oil of three Japanese quince cultivars “Rondo,” “Darius,” and “Rasa” during plant development. The provided information can be very useful for the manufactories oriented on the processing of by‐products, mainly seeds, generated by other branches of industry, for instance, fruit‐processing.     

超高压处理对蓝靛果抗氧化物提取量及活性的影响

研究超高压处理对蓝靛果中总抗氧化物、花色苷、多酚、VC提取量及总抗氧化活性的影响,探索细胞微观结构与总抗氧化物提取量的关系。结果表明:提取压力为300 MPa时总抗氧化物提取量最高,为85.20 mg/g(以鲜果计);总抗氧化物冻干粉中总酚、花色苷、VC含量分别在300、400 MPa和对照组中最高,分别为136.48、4.12 μg/mg和27.14 μg/mg。提取压力为400 MPa时,总抗氧化物对2,2’-联氨-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二胺盐自由基清除能力(0.37 mmol/L)、Fe~(3+)还原能力(0.84 mmol/L)、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除能力(91.5%)最大,表明400 MPa压力条件下提取的抗氧化物活性最高。观察电子显微镜图片发现400 MPa处理对蓝靛果细胞破坏巨大,有利于抗氧化物的提取,从细胞微观结构角度证明超高压处理可以提高蓝靛果抗氧化物提取量;差异显著性分析表明VC、花色苷含量部分组之间不显著,其他组之间差异显著。通过本实验证实:超高压处理可以促进蓝靛果细胞破碎,有利于溶剂与抗氧化物接触,提高抗氧化物的提取量及抗氧化活性。