The effects of cereal additives in low-fat sausages and meatballs. Part 1: Untreated and enzyme-treated rye bran

Rye bran was added to frankfurter-type sausages and meatballs with the aim of producing low-fat products with increased dietary fibre content. The addition of untreated rye bran to sausages was detrimental, causing a substantial increase in frying loss (20% compared to 13.2%). The addition of rye bran treated with hydrolytic enzymes reduced the frying loss to 15.2–16.4%. The firmness was also improved by the treatments (12.8–14.2 N compared to 8.8 N). Enzymatic treatment of rye bran did not however improve the water-holding capacity or the texture of sausages compared to the rye bran that had only been soaked in water. The reason could be that enzymes degraded the solubilized fraction of the dietary fibre, leaving small fragments that cannot contribute to the water-holding capacity and the texture of the sausages. The benefits of treating rye bran in water were not seen in meatballs, probably due to the more particulate structure of meatballs, which is not as sensitive to additives.     

Rheological changes during thermal processing of low-fat meat emulsions formulated with different texture-modifying ingredients

The rheological behaviour of high-fat (22%) and low-fat (8%) meat emulsions during thermal processing in the presence (3%) of various texture-modifying non-meat ingredients, namely maltodextrin, starch, wheat flour, egg white and apple fibre, was analysed. Rheological properties of emulsions were assessed using non-destructive measurements (thermal scanning rigidity monitor, TSRM). The lower the fat content, the lower were the rigidity values of meat emulsions throughout the temperature range studied. Emulsions made with maltodextrin proved less rigid. Addition of starch and egg white favoured the formation of more rigid structures in low-fat meat emulsions at temperatures over 55 °C. Low-fat meat batters containing wheat flour and apple fibre exhibited the highest rigidity values over the given temperature range. The presence of wheat flour caused variations in the modulus of rigidity at all stages of the thermal gelation process, very similar to those observed in high-fat emulsions.     

Rheological properties of reduced-fat and low-fat ice cream containing whey protein isolate and inulin

Instrumental analyses were used to evaluate the rheological properties of regular (10%), reduced-fat (6%) and low-fat (3%) ice cream mixes and frozen ice creams stored at −18 °C. The reduced-fat and low-fat ice creams were prepared using 4% whey protein isolate (WPI) or 4% inulin as the fat replacement ingredient. The composition, colour, apparent viscosity, consistency coefficient, flow behaviour index, hardness and melting characteristics were measured. No effect of WPI or inulin was obtained on the colour values. Compared with regular ice cream, WPI changed rheological properties, resulting in significantly higher apparent viscosities, consistency indices and greater deviations from Newtonian flow. In addition, both hardness and melting resistance significantly increased by using WPI in reduced-fat and low-fat ice creams. Inulin also increased the hardness in comparison to regular ice cream, but the products made with inulin melted significantly faster than the other samples.     

Effects of replacing pork back fat with vegetable oils and rice bran fiber on the quality of reduced-fat frankfurters

The effects of substituting olive, grape seed, corn, canola, or soybean oil and rice bran fiber on the chemical composition, cooking characteristics, fatty acid composition, and sensory properties of low-fat frankfurters were investigated. Ten percent of the total fat content of frankfurters with a total fat content of 30% (control) was partially replaced by one of the vegetable oils to reduce the pork fat content by 10%. The moisture and ash content of low-fat frankfurters with vegetable oil and rice bran fiber were all higher than the control (P < 0.05). Low-fat frankfurters had reduced-fat content, energy values, cholesterol and trans-fat levels, and increased pH, cooking yield and TBA values compared to the controls (P < 0.05). Low-fat frankfurters with reduced-fat content plus rice bran fiber had sensory properties similar to control frankfurters containing pork fat.     

Carcass maturity and dicationic salts affect preblended, low-fat, low-sodium restructured beef

Preblending A- and C-maturity muscles with MgCl(2) and/or CaCl(2) was investigated in low-fat, low-sodium restructured beef. Products were formulated to contain: 1) 80% chunks, preblended 12h with 0.05% MgCl(2), 0.05% CaCl(2), or a combination of each (0.1%) and 0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and 2) 20% mince preblended 12h with 0.05% of each dicationic salt or the combination of dicationic salts (0.1%), 0.4% STPP, and 1.0% NaCl. This formulation achieved a raw product NaCl content of 0.2%. Additionally, a control was formulated with chunks and mince that contained no dicationic salt. CaCl(2) decreased raw and cooked pH and cook yield, and increased cohesiveness; whereas, MgCl(2) increased cook yield and myosin solubility. Total protein solubility was not affected by muscle maturity or dicationic treatment. Myosin solubility of the combination treatment was greater for C-maturity muscle (57 months) compared to A-maturity muscle (20 months) formulations. Control, C-maturity muscle treatments contained more insoluble and total collagen (p < 0.05), and these treatments were more cohesive (p < 0.05) than control, A-maturity treatments. The combination of CaCl(2) and MgCl(2) increased hardness of A-maturity products, but it decreased hardness of C-maturity products. In addition to increasing hardness of A-maturity products, the combination treatment lowered (p < 0.05) cook yield for these products.     

Influence of defined milk products on the flavour of white coffee beverages using static headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/olfactometry and sensory analysis

The influence of milk processing and ingredients on the sensory properties of white coffee beverages has, as yet, not been thoroughly investigated, so in this study analysed milk products processed in a defined manner were added to a standardized, fresh coffee beverage; the resulting odour, taste and retronasal odour perception were measured by intensity tests, and selected volatiles were analysed by static headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. After adding pasteurized consumers’ milk, the effects of a different fat content (3.5 and 1.5%) and fat dispersion were studied. The milk with the lower fat content and with smaller fat globules, resulting from double homogenization (each 250/50 bar), induced a more intense coffee-related retronasal odour perception, whereas the milk-related impression was nearly the same. The addition of casein increased the creamy and milky retronasal odour perception and reduced the coffee-related taste and retronasal odour. These correlations may result in a custom-made development of milky coffee beverages controlled in their nasal and retronasal odour and taste by the defined processing of the milk component. With instrumental analysis it was observable that the effect of the addition of twice-homogenized, twice-pasteurized low-fat milk and of the addition of whole milk was similar. In both cases more volatiles were released from the beverage than with the addition of low-fat milk that was homogenized once. This is an unexpected result, because the whole milk has a higher fat content than the low-fat milk and therefore a greater retention of the flavour compounds was expected. Is it possible that the flavour compounds are not dissolved in fat and that interactions happen only with fat globule membrane constituents?     

Enriched n-3 PUFA/konjac gel low-fat pork liver pâté: Lipid oxidation, microbiological properties and biogenic amine formation during chilling storage

Low-fat pork liver patés enriched with n-3 PUFA/konjac gel were formulated by replacing (totally or partially) pork backfat by a combination of healthier oils (olive, linseed and fish oils) and konjac gel. Lipid oxidation, microbiological changes and biogenic amine (BA) formation were studied in healthier-lipid patés during chill storage (85days, 2°C). Increasing unsaturated fatty acid levels favoured lipid oxidation, although the levels reached were low throughout the storage period, ranging from 0.113 to 0.343mg malonaldehyde/kg sample. Neither the formulation nor the time in storage affected the microbial load. Biogenic amine contents of products (the sum of initial concentrations and amines formed during storage) varied according to the type of BA but were far below levels that could constitute a consumer health hazard.     

即食小麦纤维肉丸工艺研究

主要研究小麦纤维、大豆分离蛋白、食盐、白糖的添加量对即食小麦纤维肉丸感官评分的影响.结果表明,即食小麦纤维肉丸工艺最优组合条件为:食盐的添加量2％,白糖的添加量1.5％,大豆分离蛋白的添加量6％,小麦纤维的添加量3％.在此最优组合下进行验证试验感官评分为91.3.在此条件下,即食小麦纤维肉丸具有优良的品质.     

燕麦麸添加量对燕麦麸猪肉丸品质的影响

为采用燕麦麸糊替代猪肉丸中部分脂肪以开发最佳的低脂肉丸,本实验对不同燕麦麸添加量对传统猪肉丸的感官品质、色泽、质构、基本成分、风味物质及氧化程度的影响进行研究,从而为低脂燕麦麸猪肉丸的开发提供可行性建议。结果表明：当燕麦麸添加量为3.09%时,燕麦麸猪肉丸感官总评最高。随燕麦麸添加量增加,燕麦麸猪肉丸硬度、咀嚼性显著降低;亮度逐渐减小,红度与黄度增加;脂肪含量显著减少,粗纤维、蛋白质、水分含量增加。根据电子鼻及气相色谱-质谱分析发现,5 组样品的风味差异明显且脂肪氧化产物的含量降低;高效液相色谱分析显示,燕麦麸猪肉丸核苷酸含量并无显著差异,而氨基酸总量显著下降;过氧化值逐渐降低,但硫代巴比妥酸值却增加。综上,燕麦麸添加量对产品各方面的品质具有不同影响,因此,选择适当的燕麦麸添加量（3.09%）能保证燕麦麸猪肉丸综合品质最佳。