发酵香肠成熟过程中微生物及理化变化

接种植物乳杆菌香肠的乳酸茵在成熟过程中始终处于绝对优势茵状态，其pH、挥发性盐基氮值均明显低于自然发酵香肠；接种植物乳杆菌香肠中乳酸茵数、细菌总数、pH、挥发性盐基氮值在添加木瓜蛋白酶和不添加木瓜蛋白酶组之间均没有显著差异，发酵5d后水分活度值明显高于不添加木瓜蛋白酶香肠。     

响应曲面优化红曲米发酵香肠强化高温风干成熟工艺研究

为探讨发酵香肠中红曲米替代亚硝酸盐的最适添加量及有效缩短发酵香肠成熟时间的加工工艺,采用Design-expert中的响应曲面法对强化高温风干成熟红曲米发酵香肠过程中的三个主要因素即强化高温温度、红曲米添加量与成熟时间进行优化。分析结果表明强化高温风干成熟工艺能有效地缩短香肠成熟时间,并且最佳工艺条件为成熟温度27℃、红曲米添加量1.6g/kg,高温成熟20d。在此条件下加工出的香肠游离氨基酸总量和感官评分较高,实验结果与模型拟合的预测值拟合良好,说明优化出的回归方程对于生产实际有一定的理论指导意义。      

发酵香肠理化特性和感官质量相关性研究

对市售26种发酵香肠的理化特性和感官指标及相互间相关关系进行了研究。通过酸价、酸度、过氧化值、游离脂肪酸、pH值、挥发性盐基氮、水分含量、脂肪含量、直径与感官质量评测发现，市售各品种发酵香肠理化特性与感官质量指标存在较大差异，理化特性和感官质量的相关性研究表明，水分含量，酸价，游离脂肪酸，pH值等应作为发酵香肠品质设计、管理的必要理化指标。     

Chitosan effects on quality properties of Greek style fresh pork sausages

The effect of chitosan (0.5% and 1%) added individually or in combination with nitrites (150 ppm) on microbiological (Total Viable Counts, Lactic acid bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., Brochothrix thermosphacta, Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts and moulds), physicochemical-chemical (pH, chemical composition, lipid oxidation) and sensory properties of fresh pork sausages stored at 4 °C for 28 days was investigated. Chitosan addition resulted in significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of microbial growth, while nitrites did not seem to protect sausages from microbial spoilage. A gradual reduction of nitrites was observed till the end of storage, when nitrites were almost depleted in all nitrite containing samples. The rate of lipid oxidation in fresh pork sausages was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) by addition of increasing levels of chitosan, while samples containing both chitosan and nitrites showed the lowest malondialdehyde (MDA) values, indicating a synergistic antioxidative effect. Consequently, the samples containing the combination of nitrites and chitosan at any level deteriorated less rapidly and were judged as more acceptable than all the other samples.     

微生物酶与肉组织酶对干发酵香肠中游离脂肪酸的影响

以戊糖乳杆菌31-1和木糖葡萄球菌为发酵剂生产干发酵香肠,就发酵剂对干发酵香肠成熟过程中游离脂肪酸的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明,在灌肠后的1周内,脂肪的水解主要是由组织酶引起的,微生物对脂肪微弱的水解能力主要表现在干发酵香肠成熟的后期,并且发酵剂不能改变发酵香肠中游离脂肪酸的变化模式。     

常用防腐剂对西式火腿肠主要腐败菌抑菌作用的研究

目的:测定常用食品防腐剂对西式火腿主要腐败菌的抑制作用。方法:采用微量稀释法测定不同防腐剂对木糖葡萄球菌、地衣芽孢杆菌和雷氏普罗威登菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果:对于木糖葡萄球菌(G+),抑菌效果最好的是Nisin和ε-聚赖氨酸,MIC均为12.5μg/mL;对于地衣芽孢杆菌(G+),抑菌效果最好的是D-异抗坏血酸钠、丙酸钙、柠檬酸和柠檬醛,MIC均为12.5μg/mL;对于雷氏普罗威登菌(G-),抑菌效果最好的是过氧化氢和柠檬酸,MIC均为25μg/mL。结论:不同防腐剂对西式火腿肠主要腐败菌的抑制效果有所差异,应复配使用。     

三种杂粮及其复合低温火腿肠营养成分分析及评价

分别检测了燕麦、苦荞麦、小米3种杂粮原料,以及所对应的杂粮复合低温火腿肠的营养成分,并对其进行了营养价值评价。结果表明:燕麦片、苦荞麦粉、小米3种杂粮原料的脂肪含量都较低,均在10%以下。燕麦片的蛋白质含量最高,达到13.4%,且所含钙、铁、锌均较高,分别为683、48.1、25.3mg/kg。苦荞麦粉硒元素的含量最高,达到0.12mg/kg。对杂粮原料进行了氨基酸营养评价,小米的E/N值为55.03%,最接近FAO/WHO标准模式。杂粮复合低温火腿肠中,蛋白质含量均高于GB/T 20712—2006《火腿肠》国家标准指标,淀粉含量均在10%以下。小米复合低温火腿肠中VB1、VB2含量相对较高,分别达到156.6μg/100g和12.8μg/100g。其他的功能性营养成分检测结果表明:苦荞麦复合低温火腿肠中特有的生物活性物质黄酮含量达到了2mg/kg,膳食纤维含量最高,达到了3.4%。对杂粮低温复合火腿肠进行了INQ值评价,3种复合低温火腿肠的钙、铁、锌、VB1的INQ值均高于1,其中小米复合低温火腿肠的INQ值总体最高。杂粮复合低温火腿肠理化及卫生指标结果表明,3种低温火腿肠的理化及卫生指标均符合GB/T 20712—2006《火腿肠》的相关规定,表明产品卫生安全指标合格。     

Production of Biogenic Amines by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Uzicka Sausages

The aim of this study was to monitor production of seven biogenic amines (Cadaverine – CAD, Putrescine – PUT, Spermine – SPE, Spermidine – SPD, Histamine – HIS, Tyramine – TYR and Tryptamine – TRY) in selected 24 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains. The decarboxylase activity of the microorganisms was studied in growth medium after 24 h cultivation. The ability of 24 LAB isolates cultivated in MRS broth and M17 broth supplement with 0.5% glucose to produce biogenic amines was assessed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The investigation showed that LAB isolated from Uzicka sausage are not significant producers of biogenic amines in vitro.     

Effect of the fungal protease EPg222 on proteolysis and texture in the dry fermented sausage ‘salchichón’

Proteolytic activity of the fungal protease EPg222 and its effect on the texture of the dry fermented sausage ‘salchichón’, which has a long ripening process, was assayed. Samples with enzyme added showed a significant reduction of myofibrillar protein concentration during the ripening period, compared with a control, and proteolytic activity of the enzyme led to a higher accumulation of non‐protein and ‐amino acid nitrogen. Analysis of volatile compounds in ripened dry fermented sausages revealed that only in EPg222 batches were branched compounds derived from amino acids catabolism detected that are associated with the flavour of dry cured meat products. The texture profile analysis showed reduction in hardness, gumminess and chewiness values in treated compared with control sausages. The effect of this enzyme could be of great interest in stimulating proteolysis, in flavour development and in reducing the hardness of dry fermented sausages produced by a long ripening process. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同发酵剂发酵香肠中微生物变化和理化变化的研究

研究了在五组不同发酵剂作用下,在香肠的发酵和成熟过程中微生物指标和部分理化指标的变化情况,并做出了相应的分析和结论。结果表明,各类发酵微生物的生长都是先上升后下降的趋势,乳酸菌在混合发酵组的生长比在单一菌种组的生长更旺盛,球菌的生长也受乳酸菌的影响,两者表现出协同作用。各理化指标的变化趋势均良好,亚硝酸盐含量和挥发性盐基氮的量均控制在安全范围内,不同发酵剂对理化指标的影响差异不显著。