Upgrading the lubricity of bio-oil via homogeneous catalytic esterification under vacuum distillation conditions

In order to accelerate the application of bio-oil in the internal combustion engines, homogeneous catalytic esterification technology under vacuum distillation conditions was used to upgrade the crude bio-oil. The lubricities of the crude bio-oil (BO) and refined bio-oil with homogeneous catalytic esterification (RBO_hce) or refined bio-oil without catalyst but with distillation operation (RBO_wc) were evaluated by a high frequency reciprocating test rig according to the ASTM D 6079 standard. The basic physiochemical properties and components of the bio-oils were analyzed. The surface morphology, contents and chemical valence of active elements on the worn surfaces were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The results show that RBO_hce has better lubricities than those of BO, but RBO_wc has worse lubricities than those of BO. The tribological mechanisms of the bio-oils are attributed to the combined actions of lubricating films and factors that will break the film. Compared with BO, plenty of phenols in RBO_wc results in corrosion of the substrate and destroys the integrity of the lubricating films, which is responsible for its corrosive wear. However, more esters and alkanes in RBO_hce contribute to forming a complete boundary lubricating film on the rubbed surfaces which result in its excellent antifriction and antiwear properties.     

羟基植物油脂肪酸的合成及其润滑性

在石油醚溶剂中 ,以摩尔比为 1∶3的不饱和植物油脂肪酸 (芥酸或油酸 )与浓硫酸为原料 ,在 <10℃的温度下进行了加成反应 (硫酸化反应 ) ,采用蒸馏反应的工艺技术 ,加成产物在水解的同时将溶剂石油醚蒸馏离开反应体系 ,水解介质的硫酸与水等体积。最后用乙醇重结晶提纯分别得到了 13(14) 羟基廿二酸和 9(10 ) 羟基十八酸 ,纯度高达 97% ,收率约为 75 %。采用熔点测定、热重分析、元素分析和红外光谱分析确证了产物的结构。此外 ,本实验用四球机探索性研究了两种羟基酸的润滑性 ,结果表明 ,合成得到的两种羟基酸具有一定的抗磨减摩性 ,长碳链羟基酸的润滑性优于短碳链羟基酸的润滑性     

疏水抑制水基钻井液体系研究及其在页岩气井的应用

针对龙马溪组页岩气水平井钻井井壁失稳问题,研制出一种疏水抑制剂CQ-SIA和一种液体润滑剂CQ-LSA,并形成一套疏水抑制水基钻井液体系。CQ-SIA具有双亲特性,能使亲水的岩石表面发生润湿反转,在岩石表面形成一层疏水膜,具有强化抑制与包被的作用,实验测得岩屑在1% CQ-SIA中的滚动回收率为83.72%,明显高于KPAM、AP-1以及KCl。CQ-LSA具有特定的基团与结构,能在亲水的钻具、泥饼和地层岩石表面形成亲油膜,降低摩阻,实验测得加有1% CQ-LSA的5%膨润土浆黏附系数为0.050 7,低于加有RH-220和BARALUBE的膨润土浆。该疏水抑制水基钻井液的抑制性和润滑性能与油基钻井液相当,具有良好的流变性能和抗污染性能,加有1%~3%防塌封堵剂、1%~2%聚合醇和0.8%~1.6%纳米封堵剂,封堵能力强。该体系在长宁H25-8井进行了首次现场试验,在1 500 m水平井段的钻井过程中,该体系各项性能稳定,配制维护工艺简单,井下未出现任何复杂,起下钻、电测、下套管、固井作业顺利,表明该体系能满足长宁页岩气水平井的钻井需要。      

固平28-21大位垂比水平井钻井液技术

固平28-21井水平段长2 006 m,位垂比为1.70,是长庆油田水平段最长的油井水平井,属低孔、超低渗、低电阻高泥质含量的孔隙性油层。室内优选出了CQSP-2复合盐水钻井完井液,现场三开应用结果表明,应用CQSP-2钻井完井液能使井壁稳定,在2 000 m的水平段钻进过程中,泥岩和炭质泥岩钻遇率为20.84%,总长度达418 m,井壁稳定,井下无任何掉块,井径规则,水平段井径扩大率最大为1.61%,最小为0.05%,平均为0.63%;体系润滑性能好,水平段体系摩阻系数控制为0.03~0.05,起下钻摩阻较小;悬浮携带能力强,井眼净化能力好,钻进施工顺利,没有出现任何复杂情况和工程事故;油层保护效果好,产量创该区块同目的层水平井新高,投产初期出现自喷现象,日产油量为83.6 t/d,是合水油田平均单井日产量的近7倍。     

Excellent lubrication performance and superior corrosion resistance of vinyl functionalized ionic liquid lubricants at elevated temperature

In order to improve the lubrication performance and inhibit the serious corrosivity of conventional ionic liquids (ILs) at elevated temperatures, a series of vinyl functionalized ILs were synthesized in this work. The corrosion behavior of the ILs was evaluated with copper sheet corrosion test and their tribological properties were investigated on an Optimol SRV-IV oscillating friction and wear tester at elevated temperatures. The results showed that ILs with vinyl group, such as 1-vinyl-3-butyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (VBImBF₄), can reduce corrosion effectively and its extreme pressure reached up to 1500 N at 150 °C. Based on the XPS analysis, ILs with vinyl group could interact with the iron surface and a protecting layer would form on the surface of steel possibly. Thus, ILs lubricants with good lubricating performance and low corrosivity at elevated temperature were achieved.     

Comparing the lubricity of biofuels obtained from pyrolysis and alcoholysis of soybean oil and their blends with petroleum diesel

A diesel-like fuel, pyrodiesel (PD), was synthesized by a pyrolysis method using soybean oil as starting material. Some physical properties of the material were studied, both neat and in blends with high-sulfur (HSD) and low-sulfur (LSD) diesel fuels, and compared with blends of biodiesel (BD) in fossil fuels. It was observed using different methods that the lubricity of biobased fuels obtained after the transesterification or pyrolysis of soybean oil is superior to LSD and HSD and also that the lubricity of diesel fuels are enhanced when either BD or PD are added. Based on the results reported herein, PD is a viable alternative to BD for use in compression-ignition engines.     

采用纳米铜改善二冲程油润滑性的试验研究

本文研究了加入纳米铜添加剂的润滑油在二冲程发动机标准试验程序下的润滑性。试验结果表明，纳米铜添加剂加入润滑油后，对二冲程发动机润滑性能有改善作用，并可降低发动机的摩擦损失功。     

延长区块陆相页岩水基钻井液性能优化评价

延长陆相页岩气资源量丰富,勘探开发处于早期研究阶段。储层地质情况复杂,水平井钻井时常发生井塌等事故,为保持井壁稳定常使用油基钻井液,而油基钻井液又面临环境保护和高成本等压力,为此,研制出页岩水基钻井液体系PSW-1。PSW-1钻井液用0.2%聚合物BOP、2.0%提切剂TQ-1和2.0%的润滑剂ORH-1进行处理,以改善其携屑能力和润滑性。PSW-1的动切力为10 Pa、静切力为4.5 Pa/10 Pa、润滑系数为0.07。经过在4口页岩气水平井的现场应用,PSW-1钻井液能有效地悬浮、携带岩屑,大幅降低钻进时的摩阻;失水量为2.0～2.8 mL,井径扩大率仅为6.34%,有效保持井壁稳定和井下安全。为低成本、高效开发延长陆相页岩气水平井提供技术支持。      

沥青在石油钻井中的研究与应用

文章主要介绍沥青在石油钻井中研究与应用。介绍天然沥青或石油沥青经过室内改性研究,形成新的沥青产品:胶体沥青或干粉沥青(氧化沥青、磺化沥青、乳化沥青、阳离子沥青),把原本不亲水的沥青产品变为具有适度的亲水亲油性,以实现这些产品能够有效地应用于石油钻井中,以改善泥饼质量,封堵地层孔隙和裂缝,降低钻井液的滤失量,提高液相粘度,有效保护油气层,调节钻井液性能。通过现场的广泛应用表明,该类产品具有很好的润滑、防塌效果,是石油钻井中钻井液必不可少的处理剂之一。     

Effects of Coating Materials on the Machinability of a Nickel Base,C-263, Alloy

PVD coated (TiN/TiCN/TiN, TiAIN and TiZrN) and uncoated carbide tools were used to machine a nickel base, C-263, alloy at high-speed conditions. The test results show that the multiple TiN/TiCN/TiN coated inserts gave the best overall performance in terms of tool life when machining at cutting speeds up to 68 m min and at depths of cut of 0.635 mm, 1.25 mm and 2.54 mm. All the tool grades tested gave fairly uniform surface roughness (Ra) values, below the rejection criterion, at lower speed conditions. The TiZrN coated inserts gave the lowest component forces when machining at lower cutting speed conditions while the TiA/N coated inserts gave the lowest component forces when machining at a higher speed of 68 m min^?1 and depth of cut of 1.25 mm. This tool performance can generally be attributed to the difference in their ability to provide effective lubrication at the cutting zone, thermal conductivity of the coating materials as well as the cutting conditions employed. The uncoated carbide tools generally encountered more severe crater wear, chipping/fracture of the cutting edges as well as pronounced notching during machining. This is due to their inability to provide effective lubrication at the cutting zone, thus impeding the gliding motion of the chips along the rake and flank faces respectively, thus accelerating flank wear. Analysis of the worn tool edges revealed adhesion of a compact “fin-shaped” structure of hardened burrs with saw-tooth like edges. This generally alters the initial geometry of the cutting edge, consequently resulting to poor surface finish with prolonged machining.