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无磷洗涤剂的现状及存在问题 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
含磷洗涤剂中含的“磷”主要是STPP,作用很大但对环境的危害也很大,它是造成地表水体出现富营养化的重要原因之一,所以许多地方政府都在实行“禁磷”——禁止销售、使用含磷洗涤剂。现在我国使用的无磷洗涤剂中代磷助剂主要有3种,其中4A沸石用量最大,但它会对环境带来新的问题。主要介绍了含磷洗涤剂的危害及无磷洗涤剂的应用现状,指出了我国禁磷后将面临的问题。 相似文献
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A study on the prediction of heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and pressure drop of refrigerant mixtures is reported. HTCs and pressure drops of prospective mixtures to replace R12 and R22 are predicted on the same cooling capacity basis. Results indicate that nucleate boiling is suppressed at qualities greater than 20.0% for all mixtures and evaporation becomes the main heat transfer mechanism. For the same capacity, some mixtures containing R32 and R152a show 8.0–10.0% increase in HTCs. Some mixtures with large volatility difference exhibit as much as 55.0% reduction compared with R12 and R22, caused by mass transfer resistance and property degradation due to mixing (32.0%) and reduced mass flow rates (23.0%). Other mixtures with moderate volatility difference exhibit 20.0–30.0% degradation due mainly to reduced mass flow rates. The overall impact of heat transfer degradation, however, is insignificant if major heat transfer resistance exists in the heat transfer fluid side (air system). If the resistance in the heat transfer fluid side is of the same order of magnitude as that on the refrigerant side (water system), considerable reduction in overall HTC of up to 20% is expected. A study of the effect of uncertainties in transport properties on heat transfer shows that transport properties of liquid affect heat transfer more than other properties. Uncertainty of 10.0% in transport properties causes a change of less than 6% in heat transfer prediction. 相似文献
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浅析中央空调系统替代制冷剂的选择 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
田国庆 《制冷空调与电力机械》2002,23(2):25-27
根据大气臭氧层耗损和温室气体对全球气候变化的影响,分析了中央空调系统几种替代制冷剂的特性,探讨了在实际使用中如何进行替代制冷剂的选择。 相似文献
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主要阐述了辐射技术对肉品微生物和肉品品质的影响,提出了对辐射肉品进行质量控制的措施,并对几种常用的肉品质量检测方法进行了阐述。 相似文献
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The effective thermal diffusivity of foodstuffs was estimated from time-temperature histories in the geometric center of samples exposed to heating and cooling processes.Transfer functions methodology was used as an alternative method to estimate the thermal diffusivity assuming that conduction was the main heat transfer mechanism. The samples were characterized as delayed first-order systems with unit gain, dead time (L) and time constant (τ).The results were compared with those obtained from the fh value and with results reported in the literature. 相似文献
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基于复合混沌和有限整数域上的仿射变换,提出一种结合JPEG图像压缩编码的加密算法.首先在空域对R,G,B分量以8×8大小块为基本单元统一进行位置置乱,打乱R,G,B分量之间的组合关系,再进行正常的JPEG压缩编码;在量化DCT系数之后,对亮度、色度分量中的DC系数分别进行置乱,置乱系数位置的同时根据坐标混合它的值,然后扰动复合混沌系统以自适应地代换DC系数.该算法符合模块化设计,密钥空间大、安全性高.实验结果表明,文中算法视觉效果好、敏感性强,密文与直接压缩的图像大小相当. 相似文献
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Mike Barbeck Marie-Luise Schrder Said Alkildani Ole Jung Ronald E. Unger 《International journal of molecular sciences》2021,22(9)
In addition to their chemical composition various physical properties of synthetic bone substitute materials have been shown to influence their regenerative potential and to influence the expression of cytokines produced by monocytes, the key cell-type responsible for tissue reaction to biomaterials in vivo. In the present study both the regenerative potential and the inflammatory response to five bone substitute materials all based on β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), but which differed in their physical characteristics (i.e., granule size, granule shape and porosity) were analyzed for their effects on monocyte cytokine expression. To determine the effects of the physical characteristics of the different materials, the proliferation of primary human osteoblasts growing on the materials was analyzed. To determine the immunogenic effects of the different materials on human peripheral blood monocytes, cells cultured on the materials were evaluated for the expression of 14 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, VEGF, RANTES, IL-12p40, I-CAM, IL-4, V-CAM, TNF-α, GM-CSF, MIP-1α, Il-8 and MCP-1 using a Bio-Plex® Multiplex System. The granular shape of bone substitutes showed a significant influence on the osteoblast proliferation. Moreover, smaller pore sizes, round granular shape and larger granule size increased the expression of GM-CSF, RANTES, IL-10 and IL-12 by monocytes, while polygonal shape and the larger pore sizes increased the expression of V-CAM. The physical characteristics of a bone biomaterial can influence the proliferation rate of osteoblasts and has an influence on the cytokine gene expression of monocytes in vitro. These results indicate that the physical structure of a biomaterial has a significant effect of how cells interact with the material. Thus, specific characteristics of a material may strongly affect the regenerative potential in vivo. 相似文献