Cyanogenic,carotenoids and protein composition in leaves and roots across seven diverse population found in the world cassava germplasm collection at CIAT,Colombia

The objective of this study was to characterise the nutritional potential of leaves and identify a diversity centre with low cyanide and high nutrient content among 178 Latin American cassava genotypes. This field-based collection represents the seven diversity centres, held at The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT Palmira, Colombia) by the Cassava Program. The cyanide, all-trans-β-carotene and lutein concentrations in cassava leaves ranged from 346 to 7484 ppm dry basis (db), from 174–547 μg g⁻¹ db and 15–181 μg g⁻¹ db, respectively. Cassava leaves also showed significant levels of essential amino acids leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, valine and threonine, and average total protein content of 26.24 g 100 g⁻¹ db. Among seven diversity centres, South American rainforest group showed low cyanide and high carotene content in leaves. In addition, VEN77 and PAN51 genotypes stood out for having low cyanide in leaves and roots and high carotene in leaves. This genetic diversity can be used to select high potential progenitors for breeding purposes.     

Simulated recruitment of riparian trees and shrubs under natural and regulated flow regimes on the Wisconsin River,USA

Models that link ecological responses to hydrologic changes are important for assessing the effects of flow regulation on aquatic and riparian ecosystems. Based on the Recruitment Box Model, a graphical model used to prescribe environmental flows for cottonwood (Populus spp.) recruitment, we designed a simulation model to represent the influence of river flow dynamics on seedling recruitment of riparian pioneer woody plants. The model simulates the influence of temporal patterns of river stage on dispersal, germination, initial recruitment and over‐winter survival of first‐year seedlings of riparian pioneer shrubs and trees. We used the model to simulate seedling recruitment patterns for five species (Acer saccharinum, Betula nigra, Populus deltoides, Salix nigra and Salix exigua) on the Wisconsin River (Wisconsin, USA) under three flow scenarios: historic (1935–2002), simulated natural (1915–1975) and simulated regulated flows (1915–1975). Simulation results agreed well with field‐observed relative differences among years (1997–2000) in seedling densities for the five focal species. Simulated successful recruitment years were highly synchronous among species, but species differed in their sensitivity to flows at different times during the growing season, consistent with among‐species differences in seed dispersal timing. Comparison of simulated natural and regulated flows for 1915–1975 showed that flow regulation decreased monthly flow variability, increased late summer to winter baseflow and reduced the magnitude of spring peaks. Simulated recruitment and over‐winter survival of tree seedlings of all species was enhanced under the regulated flow scenario, likely due to increased summer baseflow and reductions in peak flood magnitude. Our analyses show the utility of extending the Recruitment Box Model to include multiple species of riparian shrubs and trees, and the effects of post‐colonization flows on their recruitment success. However, some key functional relationships between flow patterns and woody seedling demography (e.g. shear stress thresholds for seedling mortality) have not been adequately quantified and merit further study. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

制丝线FT651型叶片垂直分片机控制系统的改进方案

针对叶片垂直分片机使用过程中出现的劈坏烟箱、纵向移动刀架失控和系统无报警功能等问题,分析故障产生的原因,并对其控制系统进行改进。     

陈化过程中不同部位烤烟烟叶香味成分变化的研究

采用SDE-GC/MS法对陈化过程中不同部位烤烟烟叶的香味成分进行分析检测,并按照香味物质的产生来源对分析结果进行了分类研究。结果表明,陈化过程中不同部位烟叶的香味物质的变化情况差别明显。从香味成分的变化情况看,各个部位适宜的陈化时间有所不同:上部烟叶2年以上,中部烟叶1.5~2年,下部烟叶1年左右。     

银杏叶中黄酮类化合物的提取工艺研究

研究了乙醇-水体系浸取银杏叶中黄酮类化合物的工艺条件,通过分光光度法测定黄酮的含量并计算它的浸出率。根据黄酮类化合物浸出率的计算结果,选用70%乙醇溶液为提取剂,并通过正交试验给出了黄酮类化合物的最佳浸出条件:浸取温度70℃,固液比1∶20,浸取剂pH=8,银杏叶中黄酮类化合物的浸出率可达到92.2%。     

Antioxidant activity in leaves of some mediterranean plants

Hexane and methanol leaf extracts of sixteen Mediterranean plant species were obtained by percolation. Higher yields were observed for methanol (16.4–47.8%) than for hexane extracts (1.3–13%). Antioxidant activity of these extracts was determined by a rapid spectrophotometric method involving the combined oxidation of beta-carotene and linoleic acid. Leaf extracts were thus characterized by an Antioxidant Activity Coefficient (AAC) ranging from 0 to 1000. Hexane extracts gave much higher AAC values than the corresponding methanol extracts. In both cases, myrtle (Myrtus communis) showed the best antioxidant effectiveness.     

Solid/liquid extraction and isolation by molecular distillation of hydroxytyrosol from Olea europaea L. leaves

Molecular distillation, or short‐path distillation (SPD), is particularly appropriate for processing of low‐volatility compounds, which are easily altered at high temperature. Olea europaea L. leaves constitute an olive tree by‐product very interesting for their natural antioxidants content. In this research, molecular distillation technology has been applied to obtain high‐value‐added compounds by the SPD fractionation of an olive tree leaf extract. The process consists of two stages: (a) ethanolic extraction of the olive leaves, followed by incorporation of the extract into glycerine and (b) molecular distillation of the glycerine enriched in olive leaf extract compounds (terpenic and phenolic compounds). Four molecular distillation tests under different conditions were carried out. Results showed that 80.9% 3,4‐dihydroxy‐phenylethanol (hydroxytyrosol) was recovered from the glycerine admixture under a pressure of 1.50–2.00 mbar, a temperature of 190 °C and a feed rate of 15 mL/min.     

基于TACNN的玉露香梨叶虫害识别

为了解决玉露香梨叶虫害种类多、扩散速度快、人工识别梨叶虫害耗时长的问题,提出了能够在自然环境下对玉露香梨叶虫害图像自动识别的Tiny-Alexnet卷积神经网络（Tiny-Alexnet Convolution Neural Network,TACNN）的虫害识别模型。分析了Alexnet模型的网络结构,并将实地采集的玉露香叶片虫害图像进行统一处理,为避免全连接层卷积核参数过大而产生的过拟合现象,通过优化全连接层,设置不同神经元节点和实验参数,得出了Mid-Alexnet、TACNN两种虫害识别模型。实验结果表明：TACNN较Alexnet和Mid-Alexnet模型有较高的识别准确率,该模型能够有效地提取梨叶虫害特征,类别平均准确率为81.18%,实现了对金龟子、梨木虱、梨瘿蚊三种虫害的准确区分。该模型在玉露香梨叶虫害识别方面具有良好的性能,可实现自然环境下玉露香梨叶虫害的精准识别。     

柿叶总黄酮缓释微丸累积释药率的测定

采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定了柿叶总黄酮缓释微丸在人工胃液和磷酸盐缓冲液(pH=6.8)中的累积释药率,并分别对其释药模型进行拟合.结果显示缓释微丸在磷酸盐缓冲液中12h的累积释药率为83.22%,释药模型符合Higuchi方程;在人工胃液中12h的累积释药率为55.42%,释药模型为Higuchi方程.相较于人工胃液,柿叶总黄酮缓释微丸在磷酸盐缓冲液中具有良好的释药性能.     

人参总皂苷的发酵及其产物的抗癌活性研究

从土壤中分离得到14种β-葡萄糖苷酶高产菌株,其中菌株YS2能够有效地将人参茎叶总皂苷和人参提取物中的人参皂苷转化为稀有人参皂苷Rg3;菌株YS2和YS7的人参发酵物对结肠癌colon26-M3.1细胞具有较强的抑制作用,其IC50值分别为180μg/mL和170μg/mL.根据ITS序列构建的系统发育树,确定菌株YS2为链格孢属(Alternaria).