A novel pre-dilution,swirling jet diffuser to enhance effluent mixing: Hydrodynamics and dilution performance

Diffusers are widely-used to quickly dilute effluents in receiving water bodies. This study proposed a novel diffuser that pre-mixes effluent with ambient water before discharging and that uses the swirling jet to further enhance near-field dilution. The nozzle of the diffuser was examined in two ambient flow conditions: co-flow and counter-flow that are commonly-met in the environment such as oceans due to tidal effect. Physical experiments were first conducted in co-flow on its dilution performance and hydrodynamics, using heated water as the effluent. A 3-D CFD model was developed and calibrated the co-flow scenarios, and then used to investigate the diffuser in counter-flow. The results showed that the nozzle can effectively reduce the maximum temperature rise of the effluent by about 50 % before discharging. The swirling jet from the outlet has a larger shear area, half-width and entrainment rate, enabling the effluent to be rapidly diluted to a minimum of around 10 times at x/D = 6 in co-flow, whereas the dilution for conventional nozzles is about 1 because of the potential core. The flow amplification ratio (α) decreases gradually with increasing velocity ratio in co-flow but increases with increasing velocity ratio in counter-flow. The counter-flow reduces the water drawn into the device; however, the pre-dilution effect at the outlet remains stable. The near-field dilution in counter-flow was significantly enhanced than that in co-flow. Environmental regulations at outfalls and mixing zones can be more easily met using this novel diffuser.     

新设备技术在催化裂化装置上的应用

文章介绍了近年来在催化裂化装置上应用的新设备、新技术,如BY型旋风分离器、BSX型旋分式三级旋风分离器、上下拱型三级旋风分离器、下拱型三级旋风分离器、SHS“自蔓延”技术、SWY外取热器、BWJ型喷嘴、自流浇注料、Actehem高耐磨衬里、弓形钢丝纤维、侧拉环锚固钉、分体可拆人孔等的结构特点及实际应用情况。     

Tribotronics—Towards active tribology

A constant trend towards more compact mechanical systems with higher power densities and increased thermo-mechanical loads emphasises the importance of the development of new design approaches and novel tribological systems. Ignoring this may cause a significant slow down in technological and industrial development. Tribotronics or active tribology based on adaptive performance is thought of as being critical in the implementation of smart machine concepts. Recognition of the importance of tribotronics, or active control of system loss outputs, such as those through friction and wear will have significant beneficial economic consequences as a result of the associated accelerated rate of technological progress. These smart tribotronic systems can be embedded in a great variety of machines and mechanisms. If this integration is made at the design stage, products that are more flexible, efficient and reliable can be produced. The concept of tribotronics is presented and discussed in this paper. Some illustrative examples that show the feasibility of an “active” approach are given. In addition, various possibilities already reported in literature are discussed.     

The role of experience in liking "read-to-drink" alcoholic beverages.

Ready-to-drinks (RTDs) are composed of an alcoholic component and a soft-drink base and are primarily consumed by a youth market. The authors explored whether liking and experience with an RTD soft-drink base predicts liking for the RTD. Participants (N=350) from ages 12 to 30 years sampled 3 RTDs and their respective soft-drink and alcoholic components. For milk- and fruit-based RTDs, liking for and familiarity with their soft-drink base was the best predictor of liking for and familiarity with the RTD itself. For the Coke-based RTD, familiarity with and liking for bourbon best predicted familiarity with and liking for the RTD. All of these effects were consistent across blind and nonblind testing. The authors' results suggest that where there is perceptual similarity between the RTD and its soft-drink base, these beverages may provide an easy transition into alcohol consumption for novice drinkers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mashing of rice with barley malt under non-conventional process conditions for use in food processes

Non-conventional mashing conditions are relevant in the development of a lactic acid-fermented soymilk beverage where mashed rice is the source of carbohydrates for the fermentation and sweetness of the beverage. Advantages in the process layout could be achieved by mashing at higher pH and lower malt concentrations than normally used in the brewing industry. the work reported here assessed the consequences of mashing under non-conventional conditions. Malt concentration in the cereal part was varied from 25% to 70% (w/w), pH was varied within 5.3 to 7.1, and prolongation of the holding times at 50°C and 62°C was investigated. Regression equations have been established for predicting yields of soluble protein, low molecular weight sugars and total fermentability as functions of pH and malt concentration. the results showed that the maltose yield was constant while glucose, maltotriose and total fermentable sugar yields decreased slightly with increasing pH and decreasing malt concentration. Prolonged mash holding times at 50°C and 62°C gave minor increases in protein yields only. It is concluded that it is quite acceptable to use non-conventional mashing conditions when a mashing step is integrated in other food processes.     

Parallel associative combinator evaluation II

A new evaluation model for SK combinator expressions is presented and used as a basis for the design of a novel processor. The resulting machine architecture resembles a dataflow ring, but executions are constrained to be fully lazy. An automatic dynamic load sharing mechanism for a distributed multiprocessor architecture is suggested, and initial simulation results are presented.     

Kinetics of hydrogen peroxide bleaching of ALCELL® derived pulp

In this study, a kinetic model of the final bleaching stage with hydrogen peroxide in a totally chlorine free (TCF) bleaching sequence for ALCELL® processed pulp was developed. The model was based on the rate of chromophore destruction characterized by the decrease in the light absorption coefficient of bleached pulp at 457 nm, C_K. Based on the fact that the chromophore destruction proceeds rapidly in an initial phase followed by a much slower reaction during which a “floor-level” chromophore concentration is approached asymptotically, we propose that the hydrogen peroxide stage of the ALCELL® derived pulp in the studied TCF sequence consists of two distinct phases. The initial phase is a very fast reaction. The rate equation of the second phase was determined as: which is valid in a pH range of 10.5 to 11.5 and a temperature range of 60 to 92.5°C.     

双子表面活性剂合成及在酒精废液处理中应用

合成了4种碳链长度的酯基阳离子双子表面活性剂,并作为絮凝剂对干法工艺处理的玉米酒精糟废液进行了絮凝处理实验。絮凝后对废液的透光率及COD进行了测定,考察了在不调节pH值及室温条件下与双子表面活性剂、淀粉阳离子、壳聚糖阳离子对比絮凝处理效果,双阳离子表面活性剂好于淀粉阳离子、壳聚糖阳离子的絮凝能力;同时考察了酯基阳离子双子表面活性剂碳链长度对絮凝效果的影响,碳链长度对COD去除率的高低顺序为C14>C16>C12>C10。实现了不用碱中和废液而直接进行絮凝处理的工艺改造。     

Highly stable novel inorganic hydrides from aqueous electrolysis and plasma electrolysis

After 10⁴ h of continuous aqueous electrolysis with K₂CO₃ as the electrolyte, highly stable novel inorganic hydride compounds such as KH KHCO₃ and KH were isolated and identified by time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS). The existence of novel hydride ions was determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and solid state magic-angle spinning proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H MAS NMR). A novel hydride ion formed by plasma electrolysis of a K₂CO₃, Rb₂CO₃, or Cs₂CO₃ electrolyte was also observed by high resolution visible spectroscopy at 407.0 nm corresponding to its predicted binding energy of 3.05 eV.     

Investigation of gas-solid flow characteristics in a novel internal fluidized bed combustor by experiment and CPFD simulation

Based on the coal self-preheating combustion technology, this research proposed a novel internal fluidized bed combustor (IFBC) with an internal separator for stable preheating of fuel. In order to verify feasibility and operation stability of IFBC, cold experiment, electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) and computational particle fluid dynamic (CPFD) simulation were performed in a laboratory-scale IFBC. The effects of superficial air velocity (U_g) and return valve structure on the operation and gas-solid flow characteristics were investigated. The results revealed that the CPFD prediction agreed well with the experiment values. The pressure balance curve presented an “8″ shape distribution, and the particle volume fraction (PVF) showed ‘core-annular’ distribution features. With the increase of U_g, the PVF in the standpipe increased, and the discharge pattern of the return valve changed from continuous discharge to intermittent discharge, and the solid circulation flux showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. With the decrease of the outlet opening of return valve (Φ), the gas–solid flow behavior in standpipe experienced a transition from gas leakage, stabilizing material seal, and blocking state. For U_g = 2 m/s, Φ = 50 %, an effective solid seal in the return valve was established and IFBC has a stable circulation and operation.