Water Quality Improvement by Combined UF,RO, and Ozone/Hydrogen Peroxide System (HiPOx) in the Water Reclamation Process

Conventional water reclamation processes, such as membrane bioreactors, are not always effective in removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and/or N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), even with the reverse osmosis (RO) membrane process. A study was conducted, at a NEWater factory in Singapore, to compare a conventional ultrafiltration (UF) membrane /RO treatment process with a treatment train having the HiPOx unit, an advanced oxidation process (AOP), which was installed between the UF and the RO unit operations. By incorporating the HiPOx into the UF/RO treatment process, following results were observed; 1) increased removal of PPCPs, EDCs and NDMA, 2) improvement in ultraviolet transmission (UVT) of the RO permeate, 3) enhanced removal of TOC and color, and increased UVT of the RO brine, 4) suppression of the increase in the RO transmembrane pressure by organic fouling.     

吸附法去除水中药品及个人护理品(PPCPs)研究进展

近几年,环境新兴污染物——药品及个人护理品(PPCPs)在全球范围内不断检出,由于其具有"伪持续性"、难生物降解性、生态毒性等特点,对环境中的生物以及人类健康存在很大威胁。介绍了PPCPs的主要危害和分布情况,重点阐述了有关碳材料、黏土矿物、生物材料、纳米材料等去除水中PPCPs的研究进展,分析了吸附机理,并对吸附法去除水中PPCPs的发展方向进行了展望。     

Demonstration of 20 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) as nitrosamine precursors during chloramine disinfection

The worldwide detection of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the aquatic environment and drinking water has been a cause for concern in recent years. The possibility for concurrent formation of nitrosamine DBPs (disinfection by-products) during chloramine disinfection has become another significant concern for delivered drinking water quality because of their potent carcinogenicity. This study demonstrates that a group of PPCPs containing amine groups can serve as nitrosamine precursors during chloramine disinfection. Molar yields higher than 1% are observed for eight pharmaceuticals, with ranitidine showing the strongest potential to form N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). The molar conversion increases with the Cl₂:N mass ratio, suggesting that dichloramine is relevant to the formation of NDMA from these precursors. Although the trace level of PPCPs in the environment suggests that they may not account for the majority of nitrosamine precursors during the disinfection process, this study demonstrates a connection between the transformation of PPCPs and the formation of nitrosamines during chloramine disinfection. This both expands the pool of potential nitrosamine precursors, and provides a possible link between the presence of trace levels of certain PPCPs in drinking water sources and potential adverse health effects.     

水环境中PPCPs检测技术及风险评价研究进展

概述了目前水环境中药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)的检测技术,对比分析了常用的水样前处理方法和仪器分析技术的原理、优缺点,介绍了PPCPs的风险评价体系,总结了人体健康风险和生态风险的评价方法,并综述了不同PPCPs的风险水平。指出多技术联合、精准定量的检测技术和综合风险评价方法是今后环境领域PPCPs研究的重点。     

水中9种医药品与个人护理品污染物的电子束辐照降解分析

应用液相色谱串联四级杆质谱联用技术建立了水中5种抗生素类医药品与个人护理品（PPCPs）污染物、2种激素类PPCPs和2种受体拮抗剂类PPCPs的定性定量检测方法。应用电子辐照加速器初步探索了水中不同质量浓度PPCPs的降解研究,通过多个辐照剂量点的含量结果分析了初始质量浓度为5 ng/mL和100 ng/mL的磺胺甲噁唑、丙酸睾酮和西咪替丁的辐照降解规律,对初始质量浓度为100 ng/mL的9种PPCPs研究了辐照吸收剂量对降解率的影响。结果表明,PPCP质量浓度对辐照降解率无明显影响,同类型的不同PPCPs污染物降解规律和阈值明显不同,5种抗生素类PPCPs的降解速度为红霉素＜磺胺甲噁唑＜氯唑西林＜氧氟沙星＜利福昔明,辐照降解阈值分别是20.0 kGy、8.0 kGy、8.0 kGy、3.5 kGy、1.6 kGy,与降解速度基本呈现正比关系。     

水环境中PPCPs的臭氧氧化和高级氧化技术

药物和个人护理用品(PPCPs)是最近十年引起关注的一类新型有机微量污染物,其对人类健康和生态环境安全的影响受到了越来越多的关注.传统的给水处理和污水处理工艺都不能有效去除水中的PPCPs,因此有必要采用臭氧氧化、高级氧化等工艺进行深度处理.臭氧是选择性氧化剂,其与PPCPs的反应受PPCPs的基团电子特性和溶液pH的影响;高级氧化技术产生的羟基自由基·OH氧化能力强,与PPCPs的反应没有选择性,主要包括O_3/H_2O_2、UV/H_2O_2、UV/TiO_2、芬顿和光芬顿氧化等.这些深度处理工艺的采用受一些因素的限制,同种工艺或不同工艺的组合能达到更高的去除效率.     

Water quality improvement in a full-scale tertiary constructed wetland: Effects on conventional and specific organic contaminants

The surface flow constructed wetland (SF CW) in Can Cabanyes (Granollers, Catalonia, northeastern Spain) was created as a part of a series of activities aimed at restoring a highly impacted fluvial peri-urban zone. The system is fed with a small part of the secondary effluent, which is not completely nitrified, from an urban wastewater treatment plant. Effluents in the SF CW were sampled between 2003 and 2006 for physical and chemical parameters and faecal bacteria indicators. In addition, 8 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) were measured in June 2005 and February 2006. The system showed a good reliability for ammonium and faecal bacteria removal, with average ammonium efficiencies between 64 and 87% and a removal of approximately 2 logarithmic units of Faecal Coliforms. A clear seasonal trend was observed for ammonium. The results for PPCPs demonstrated that the wetland has a good capacity for removing a large variety of these compounds; the removal efficiencies were higher than 70% for most of them, with the exception of clofibric acid (34%) and carbamazepine (39%). Although the chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solid removal rates were either low or zero because of the permanent eutrophic conditions of the system and the low incoming concentrations, the effluent quality is generally considered to be quite good.     

城市污水处理过程中微量有机物的去除转化研究进展

对城市污水中的有机污染物种类进行了总结,重点对城市污水中的微量有机污染物如药品及个人护理用品(PPCPs)、雌激素、卤代消毒副产物和亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)等物质的来源、毒理性以及在常规污水处理工艺中的去除转化情况进行了综述.提出以微量有机污染物控制为目的各种污水深度处理工艺的优化组合,将会是污水回用领域研究的主要方向.     

Fate of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) during anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge

The behaviour of 13 pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) has been studied during anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge: two musks (Galaxolide and Tonalide), one tranquilliser (Diazepam), one anti-epileptic (Carbamazepine), three anti-phlogistics (Ibuprofen, Naproxen and Diclofenac), two antibiotics (Sulfamethoxazole and Roxithromycin), one X-ray contrast medium (Iopromide) and three oestrogens (Estrone, 17beta-oestradiol and 17alpha-ethinyloestradiol). Two parallel processes have been carried out, one in mesophilic range (37 degrees C) and the other in thermophilic range (55 degrees C). The influence of temperature and sludge retention time (SRT) has been analysed. Among the substances considered, the higher removal efficiencies were achieved for the antibiotics, natural oestrogens, musks and Naproxen. For the other compounds, the values ranged between 20% and 60%, except for Carbamazepine, which showed no elimination. The removal of oestrogens, Diazepam and Diclofenac occurred after sludge adaptation. In general, no influence of SRT and temperature on PPCPs removal was observed. Considering the difficulty of obtaining reliable PPCPs concentrations, especially those corresponding to the fractions sorbed onto sludge, a methodology to validate the experimental data has been developed and successfully applied.     

Nationwide monitoring of selected antibiotics: Distribution and sources of sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and macrolides in Japanese rivers

We report the results of a nationwide survey of commonly used human and veterinary antibiotics (7 sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and 4 macrolides) in 37 Japanese rivers. Concentrations of the sum of the 12 target antibiotics ranged from undetectable to 626 ng/L, with a median of 7.3 ng/L for the 37 rivers. Antibiotics concentrations were higher in urban rivers than in rural rivers and were correlated with those of molecular markers of sewage (crotamiton and carbamazepine). Macrolides were dominant over sulfonamides in urban rivers. Sulfonamides, especially sulfamethazine (used in animals), were dominant in a few rivers in whose catchment animal husbandry is active. However, these signals of veterinary antibiotics were overwhelmed by those of human antibiotics in lower reaches of most rivers. The analysis of the antibiotics in all 88 samples showed that the target antibiotics in Japanese rivers are derived mainly from urban sewage, even though larger amounts of antibiotics are used in livestock. Most of the livestock waste-derived antibiotics are unlikely to be readily discharged to surface waters.