菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)养殖水体中石油烃安全限量的研究

石油烃污染是影响双壳贝类食用安全的重要因素。文中以菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)为研究对象,采用半静态动力学富集实验探讨了双壳贝类对养殖水体中石油烃的富集规律。结果表明,经过4 d,石油烃在贝体和水环境之间达到稳态平衡;生物富集系数(BCF)为545;石油烃浓度为0.068 mg/L的水体组,富集平衡后贝体内的石油烃含量高于菲律宾蛤仔的石油烃异味阈值(25~30 mg/kg),其它水体组则相反。参考USEP-A、GB18421-2001等关于双壳贝类中石油烃安全限量的规定,经讨论贝体内石油多环芳烃的毒力代谢机理后,判定菲律宾蛤仔养殖水体中石油烃的安全限量定为0.05 mg/L较为合理。     

PCR-RFLP Analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Region for Identification of 3 Clam Species

ABSTRACT Restriction site analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the specific identification of 3 clam species: Ruditapes decussatus (grooved carpet shell), Venerupis pullastra (pullet carpet shell), and Ruditapes philippinarum (Japanese carpet shell). PCR amplification using primers based on nucleotide sequences of Mytilus ITS regions produced a fragment of 1195 bp in R. decussatus, 1074 bp in V. pullastra, and 1188 bp inR. philippinarum. Digestion of the PCR products with endonucleases HinfI and Rsa I, followed by agarose gel electrophoresis of the digested products, yielded specific restriction profiles that enabled direct visual identification of the species analyzed.     

菲律宾蛤仔及其制品的Taqman荧光PCR鉴定方法

目的建立菲律宾蛤仔成分Taqman荧光PCR定性检测方法。方法根据菲律宾蛤仔线粒体细胞色素氧化酶CoxⅠ基因中的保守基因序列设计一对菲律宾蛤仔特异性引物,通过Taqman荧光PCR法进行PCR扩增反应,对菲律宾蛤仔成分进行特异性检测。结果该方法的引物对于菲律宾蛤仔成分的特异性良好;菲律宾蛤仔DNA检出限为0.04 ng/μL,可达菲律宾蛤仔肉粉质量分数的0.001%。通过对市售菲律宾蛤仔制品的检测,该方法可检测出制品中的菲律宾蛤仔成分。结论该检测方法特异性强,灵敏度高,能够用于食品中菲律宾蛤仔成分的真实性鉴别。     

双壳贝类养殖水体中Hg、Pb、Cd安全限量的研究

双壳贝类富集重金属会给消费者食用安全造成危害。本文以菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapesphilippinarum)为研究对象,采用生物富集双箱动力学模型测定双壳贝类对3种重金属Hg、Pb、Cd的生物富集动力学参数。结果表明:贝类对重金属的生物富集和排出都较缓慢,经过30d生物富集未达到稳态平衡,Hg、Pb、Cd的生物富集系数BCF分别为1030、935和378,生物半衰期处在18～33d范围内。参考欧盟和我国菲律宾蛤仔标准中关于Hg、Pb、Cd的安全限量,通过BCF计算得到菲律宾蛤仔养殖水体中Hg、Pb、Cd的安全限量分别为0.0005、0.01和0.026mg/L。     

生物保鲜剂结合微冻保藏对杂色蛤肉的保鲜作用

目的评价生物保鲜剂在微冻条件下的保鲜作用。方法以杂色蛤肉为研究对象,经溶菌酶、乳酸链球菌素及真空包装处理,测定其在(-3±0.5)℃贮藏过程中的细菌总数、理化等指标的变化。结果在-3℃条件下贮藏25 d后,经溶菌酶、乳酸链球菌素处理的杂色蛤肉挥发性盐基氮分别达到了14.73 mg/100 g和14.92mg/100 g,均接近国家规定的卫生标准;溶菌酶、乳酸链球菌素复合处理的杂色蛤肉贮藏30 d其挥发性盐基氮为14.38 mg/100 g,比未经处理的对照组延长了15 d以上。各处理组的pH值、细菌总数、挥发性盐基氮、硫代巴比妥酸和Ca2+-ATPase活性变化也均与贮藏时间相关(P0.05)。结论相对于其他实验组,溶菌酶、乳酸链球菌素复合处理组保鲜效果最好。     

Genetic differentiation between the clam species Ruditapes decussatus (grooved carpet shell) and Venerupis pullastra (pullet carpet shell) by PCR–SSCP analysis

Genetic differentiation of the clam species Ruditapes decussatus (grooved carpet shell) and Venerupis pullastra (pullet carpet shell) has been achieved based on polymerase chain reaction–single‐strand conformation polymorphism (PCR–SSCP) analysis. A short fragment (150 bp) of the α‐actin gene was amplified by PCR. Amplicons were denatured to obtain single‐stranded DNA, electrophoresed on a non‐denaturing polyacrylamide gel and visualised by silver staining for detection of SSCPs. Species‐specific DNA band patterns were obtained for R decussatus and V pullastra, allowing clear differentiation of the two clam species. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Metal levels in economically important bivalve species from Turkey

Concentrations of eight heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined in economically important bivalve species: oyster (Ostrea edulis), wedge clam (Donax trunculus), manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarium) and warty clam (Venus verrucosa) from the Marmara and Aegean seas. Samples were collected seasonally between 2008 and 2009. Metal levels of bivalves were found in the following ranges: As 0.02–3.40, Cd 0.02–2.80, Cr 0.19–0.82, Cu 0.82–25.06, Hg?<?LOD–0.12, Ni 0.09–0.73, Pb 0.05–4.16 and Zn 6.85–899?mg?kg^?1. The most abundant elements were Zn?>?Cu?>?As. In addition, the results showed that oysters had the highest concentrations of Zn in all seasons. The next abundant heavy metal detected was Cu in oyster and other clam species. It was concluded that in the future, these metals should be monitored regularly.     

菲律宾蛤仔调味软罐头的工艺研究

目的以菲律宾蛤仔为原料,开发制备调味软罐头。方法以风味、质地和色泽感官评分项目为评价指标,通过预实验确定最佳熟制方式和熟制时间,在盐用量、糖用量、味精用量和酱油用量4个单因素实验的基础上采用响应面法优化菲律宾蛤仔软罐头的调味配方。结果在盐用量为2.5%、糖用量为2.7%、味精用量为1.2%和酱油用量为0.3%条件时,其余以五香料液补至100%,感官评分预测值高达8.28,通过实验验证的感官评分结果为8.68,与预测值接近。结论菲律宾蛤仔调味软罐头制备工艺可行,可为后期其他贝类的生产加工研究提供借鉴。     

超高压预处理降低杂色蛤发酵酱中的生物胺及其品质提升

该研究将杂色蛤(Ruditapes philippinarum)进行超高压杀菌预处理、热杀菌预处理和无预处理后,用蛋白酶进行初步酶解,再用戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosus)于35℃快速发酵36 h,结果表明发酵过程中杂色蛤发酵酱的总酸含量逐渐升高,pH值逐渐降低,氨基酸态氮含量逐渐增加,但热处理组氨...