Isotopic Oxygen Exchange and EPR Studies of Superoxide Species on the SrF2/La2O3 Catalyst

By using the in situ IR spectroscopy, the superoxide species (O₂⁻), characterized by the O–O stretching peak at 1130 cm⁻¹, was detected on the SrF₂/La₂O₃ catalyst at temperatures up to 973 K. The introduction of ¹⁸O₂ isotope caused the 1130 cm⁻¹ peak to shift to lower wavenumbers (1095 and 1064 cm⁻¹), consistent with the assignment of the spectra to the superoxide species. A good correlation between the rate of the disappearance of the O₂⁻ species and that of the formation of C₂H₄ was observed, suggesting that O₂⁻ was the active oxygen species responsible for the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) on the SrF₂/La₂O₃ catalyst. This conclusion was reinforced by the EPR experiments (g_xx = 2.0001, g_yy = 2.0045, g_zz = 2.0685), showing that O₂⁻ was the only paramagnetic oxygen species detectable on the O₂-preadsorbed SrF₂/La₂O₃ catalyst. These results suggest that superoxide O₂⁻ can be a stable active oxygen species, whose role in the OCM reaction cannot be overlooked.     

电离辐射及超氧阴离子基对人血淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体交换的诱发作用

用姐妹染色单体交换(SCE)作为指标,研究了~(60)Coγ射线辐照及NADH-PMS(吩嗪硫酸甲酯)系统中产生的超氧阴离子自由基(0_2~(·-))对胎儿脐血淋巴细胞染色体的损伤作用,及活性氧清除剂SOD和甘露醇的保护作用。结果显示γ射线及0_2~(·-)都能诱发细胞SCE频率显著升高,且存在一定的剂量-效应关系。SOD及甘露醇对0_2~(·-)诱发的损伤有明显的保护作用。     

SOD对肿瘤细胞凋亡影响和抗氧化损伤的研究:Ⅳ.SOD对荷瘤小鼠正常组织氧化损伤的保护效应

探讨超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)对电离辐射和肿瘤化疗药物对荷瘤机体正常组织损伤的保护效应及机制,测定荷瘤鼠肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、心脏、肺、脑和骨髓组织的活性氧(ROS)、氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)水平和谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,并观察SOD对荷瘤小鼠肝脏超微结构的影响。结果表明,荷瘤小鼠受照射和化疗药物后其骨髓、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、组织匀浆中ROS、MDA含量明显升高,而GSH-Px和CAT活性明显降低,其机制是电离辐射和化疗药物造成抗氧化酶的损伤及机体内ROS含量上升。加入SOD与对照组相比,显著降低荷瘤小鼠骨髓、肝脏、脾脏组织匀浆中ROS、MDA含量,略微升高GSH-Px和CAT活性,而对肾脏组织匀浆中ROS、MDA含量和GSH-Px和CAT活性无明显影响,同时SOD可明显减轻电离辐射对荷瘤小鼠肝细胞超微结构破坏,SOD通过直接清除自由基和保护抗氧化酶的损伤起辐射保护作用。     

Effect of processing on the antioxidant activity of millet grains

Millets are generally dehulled and subjected to a hydrothermal treatment before consumption, thus the hulls can be used as a potential source of antioxidants. Several millet grains, namely kodo, finger (Ravi), finger (local), proso, foxtail, little and pearl millet were studied. Antioxidant activities of phenolic extracts obtained from whole grains, as well as their corresponding dehulled and cooked grains and hulls were studied for their total phenolic content (TPC), radical scavenging capacity, and antioxidant activity in a β-carotene/linoleate emulsion. The phenolics present in whole grains were identified and quantified using HPLC and HPLC/MS and results were expressed as total for each of the phenolic groups. The TPC ranged from 2 to 112 μmol ferulic acid equivalents/g defatted meal. All varieties exhibited effective inhibition of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, peroxyl and superoxide radicals. Dehulling and cooking affected the TPC and radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of the grains, depending on the variety. In general, the antioxidant activity of phenolic extracts was in the order of hull > whole grain > dehulled grain > cooked dehulled grain With the exception of the two finger millet varieties, hulls of other millet grains had high TPC, thus demonstrating their superior antioxidant activity. Hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids in whole grains were identified as contributors to the observed effects. Therefore, dehulling of grain and hydrothermal treatments affect the phenolic content and antioxidant potential of millet grains.     

Cytoprotective activities of water-soluble fullerenes in zebrafish models

Using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos as a model system, we compared the antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of a series of new water-soluble fullerenes 1–12. Since zebrafish embryos are transparent during the first week of life, the effects of fullerenes on multiple organ systems, including CNS, PNS, and heart, could be assessed in situ. Both positively charged and negatively charged water-soluble fullerenes were added at concentrations between 1 and 500?µM to 96 well plates containing zebrafish embryos at 24–120 hours post fertilization (hpf). Direct toxicity of each fullerene compound was assessed by LC50. In addition, we assessed the ability of each fullerene to protect against toxicity induced by known chemical toxins in this system. Four different drug/chemical toxicity models were used in our study: (i) protection of neuromast hair cells from gentamicin-induced toxicity; (ii) protection of neuromast hair cells from cisplatinum-induced toxicity; (iii) protection of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing dopaminergic CNS neurons from 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity; and (iv) protection of total CNS neurons from 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity. Our results indicate that (i) positively charged water-soluble fullerenes tend to exhibit greater toxicity than negatively charged fullerenes with similar structures; (ii) toxicity varies considerably among negatively charged fullerenes from very low to moderate, depending on structural features; (iii) dendrofullerenes 2–7 (monoadducts of C₆₀) show stronger protection against cisplatinum toxicity in neuromast hair cells while then the e,e,e-trismalonic acid 1 (so called C3) shows stronger protection against gentamicin-induced cytotoxicity in the same cells; (iv) C3 (1) is relatively unstable in all aqueous solvents tested and breaks down mainly through decarboxylation reactions to form penta, tetra and tris carboxylated forms, which exhibit increased toxicity in vivo compared with C3 (1). Our findings indicate that water-soluble fullerenes can protect against chemical toxin-induced apoptotic cell death in a vertebrate, whole-animal model that may be useful for predicting the efficacy and toxicity of these compounds in mammals. Furthermore, the relative potential for pharmacologic use of these compounds varies considerably with respect to stability.     

超氧化物歧化酶益生菌发酵酸奶的研究

本文研究了在不同的益生菌发酵剂配比条件下酸奶的品质和口感.双歧杆菌:嗜酸乳杆菌:保加利亚乳杆菌:嗜热链球菌比例为(10∶4∶2∶2)用于酸奶的混合发酵生产,可以使双歧杆菌活菌数达到1.5×108cfu/ml、嗜酸乳杆菌活菌数达到3.1×108 cfu/ml;采用添加低聚木糖等益生元,可以促进双歧杆菌的活菌数目提高;发酵后在LABS酸奶中添加SOD,可保持其在酸奶中较高的酶活力.SOD-LABS益生菌酸奶在4℃保存21d,SOD酶活性能保持75%以上.     

罗汉果提取液对自由基的清除作用

以邻苯三酚自氧化产生超氧自由基(02-),Fenton反应产生羟自由基(.OH),用分光光度法测定罗汉果提取物对O2-和.OH的清除作用。结果表明,罗汉果提取物对O2-和.0H均有显著清除作用。     

Alterations in antioxidant status of rats following intake of ginger through diet

Ginger is known to possess potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, in vivo studies in rats were initiated to investigate if ginger fed through diet can improve their antioxidant status. Inbred male Wistar/NIN rats were divided into four groups containing six animals per group. The 1st group received a stock diet whereas the 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups were fed with a diet incorporating ginger powder at 0.5%, 1% and 5% levels for a period of one month. After one month of feeding, rats were sacrificed and their livers and kidneys collected for the analysis of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), and to estimate lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. The levels of all the three enzymes, which are the important components of antioxidative defenses, were significantly stimulated in the livers of groups fed with ginger. The significant reduction in lipid peroxidation in livers and kidneys and inhibition of protein oxidative products in livers indicated the antioxidant potential of ginger when consumed naturally through diet. The findings reported suggest that regular intake of ginger through diet can protect against oxidative tissue damage.     

Studies on toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on Arabidopsis T87 suspension cells

The possible toxicities of agglomerates of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) toward plant cells were evaluated. Arabidopsis T87 suspension cells were used as the model cells and decreases in values of cell dry weights, cell viabilities, cell chlorophyll contents, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were seen for the cells cultured in media containing the agglomerates of MWCNTs, indicating the agglomerates of MWCNTs are toxic to the Arabidopsis T87 suspension cells. Moreover, the toxicities increased sharply as the diameters of the agglomerates of the MWCNTs became smaller. A concept based on the hypersensitive response is suggested to explain the possible toxic mechanism induced by the MWCNTs.     

An antioxidant protein in Curcuma comosa Roxb. Rhizomes

Curcuma comosa Roxb. is an indigenous Thai herb which is usually used as a food ingredient but it is also used in traditional folk medicine for the treatment of uterine inflammation. The crude protein extract from the rhizomes of this plant was found to possess free radical scavenging capacity, as detected by the DPPH assay. This antioxidant activity was purified by DEAE anion exchange chromatography to a fraction (called IE-1) that was comprised of a single main protein band of ∼18 kDa (UB-DEAE), as determined by SDS–PAGE resolution with Coomassie blue staining, and had a specific activity of 193.8 U/mg. In-gel trypsin digestion of the SDS–PAGE resolved UB-DEAE band followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry produced three reliably sequenced peptides, which all were found to very likely be fragments of a superoxide dismutase homologue (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), an antioxidant enzyme that has been found in several plants. In support of this notion, the IE-1 fraction was found to yield positive results with the riboflavin–nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) assay, a standard test for SOD-like activity. Together, these data then support the existence of an SOD homologue antioxidant protein in the rhizomes of C. comosa as a contributing agent to the total observed antioxidant activity.