几种栅栏因子在即食海蜇保鲜中的应用研究

通过对即食海蜇样品感官评定以及测定样品中肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌、菌落总数、TVB-N值、汁液流失率作为评价指标,研究温度、pH、包装方式等物理栅栏因子对即食海蜇保鲜的影响。盐矾海蜇经前处理后,分别采用普通包装、真空包装以及各种不同气体比例的气调包装（A：60%CO2/40%N2、B：60%CO2/35%N2/5%O2、C：60%CO2/30%N2/10%O2、D：50%CO2/45%N2/5%O2、E：50%CO2/40%N2/10%O2、F：40%CO2/55%N2/5%O2、G：40%CO2/50%N2/10%O2）后,分别在3℃、室温贮藏。实验结果表明：所有样品在保藏期间均没有肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌的检出;低温结合气调包装D处理可以明显延长即食海蜇制品的保质期,其保质期是常温贮藏A处理样品的1.5倍;用不同浓度柠檬酸溶液（Ⅰ：1%、Ⅱ：0.5%、Ⅲ：0.1%）浸泡处理结合气调包装D处理的即食海蜇样品,其中0.5%、1%柠檬酸浸泡处理的样品,分别在3℃低温贮藏56d后,海蜇质构变软,感官不可接受。0.1%柠檬酸浸泡处理过的样品,在贮藏70d后,感官评分较高,TVB-N值3.6152mgN/100g,菌落总数为2.85×104cfu/g。     

Determination of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content and Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF) in pork using Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy

Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content is one of important index of pork’s freshness, and Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF) is seen as the important index of pork’s tenderness. This paper attempted the feasibility to determine TVB-N content and WBSF in pork by Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy. Synergy interval partial least square (SI-PLS) algorithm was performed to calibrate regression model. The number of PLS factors and the number of intervals were optimised simultaneously by cross-validation. The performance of the model was evaluated according to two correlation coefficients (R) in calibration and prediction sets. Experimental results showed that the correlations coefficients in the calibration set (R_c) and prediction set (R_p) were achieved as follows: R_c = 0.8398 and R_p = 0.8084 for TVB-N content model; R_c = 0.7533 and R_p = 0.7041 for WBSF model. The overall results demonstrated that NIR spectroscopy combined with SI-PLS could be utilised to determinate TVB-N content and WBSF in pork.     

斑点叉尾鮰在不同保藏温度下的鲜度变化

从感官评定、僵硬指数、K值、pH、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、细菌总数等6个方面综合测定斑点叉尾鮰在4℃、10℃和20℃保藏中的鲜度变化,并比较不同评价方法的适用性。结果显示,随着保藏温度水平的升高,其鲜度下降逐渐加快。在20℃时很快达到全僵,并迅速出现解僵,而在4℃和10℃下相对较为缓慢。K值在20℃时上升较快,而在4℃和10℃下增加缓慢。斑点叉尾鮰肌肉的pH总体变化不是很明显。TVB-N水平的升高与细菌代谢有关,其值随着时间的延长而逐渐增大,可作为描述斑点叉尾鮰死后后期质量变化的一个主要分解指标,并与菌落总数之间显示出良好的相关性。总而言之,斑点叉尾鮰在常温保藏时(如20℃)鲜度下降较快,因此宰杀后的鱼体应迅速放在一个相对低温的环境中(如4℃)进行保藏。     

改进测定鱼粉中挥发性盐基氮方法的探讨

本文采用碳酸钾溶液作碱性试剂,并用自动凯氏定氮仪测定鱼粉中的挥发性盐基氮,与国标GB/T5009.44-1996中半微量定氮法比较,两种方法无显著性差异,测定结果令人满意。该方法快速、准确。     

Chemical quality and sensory attributes of marinated Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) during vacuum-packaged storage at 4 °C

This study was carried out to evaluate the chemical changes and sensory attributes of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira), brined (12% NaCl brine solution) or marinated (12% NaCl + 2% acetic acid; or 12% NaCl + 3% acetic acid solutions) followed by vacuum-packaging and storage at 4 °C for 90 days. The chemical analysis revealed a significant reduction in the pH value, total volatile bases nitrogen (TVBN), and trimethylamine (TMA) contents in marinated versus brined fillets. Lipid oxidation, as indicated by the 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values, was significantly delayed in marinated fillets in comparison with the brined fillets. The growth rate of psychrotrophic bacteria was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in marinated versus brined fillets. No significant differences were detected for the sensory attributes between the two marinating conditions although the overall acceptability was significantly higher in marinated versus brined fish. Both conditions of the marinating process resulted in an extension of the shelf life of the product to more than 90 days versus only 60 days for the control brined fillets. The study concluded that marination of Pacific saury can delay the undesirable chemical changes, retard lipid oxidation, improve the sensory attributes and extend the shelf life of the product during refrigerated storage.     

三组天然保鲜液对冷却猪肉保鲜效果的研究——针对较低初始菌数和贮存温度的冷却猪肉

利用前面筛选研究所得的三种保鲜液,分别是1#保鲜液(壳聚糖0.5%、混合香辛料浸提液2.5%、蜂胶0.1%、Nisin-溶菌酶0.15%和茶多酚0.5%)、2#保鲜液(丁香13.25V/V、桂皮19.35V/V、乳酸菌发酵液17.65V/V、生姜9.16V/V和大蒜6.15V/V)和3#保鲜液(乳酸菌发酵液)处理冷却猪肉,处理后真空包装,研究其在初始菌数(2×103cfu·g-1)和贮存温度(1±1℃)较低的条件下,各组的保鲜效果。结果表明:1#保鲜液对冷却猪肉的抑菌效果最为明显,使冷却猪肉在贮存过程中菌数变化幅度非常小,贮存第21d细菌总数对数值仅为3.6;2#保鲜液处理组为4.113;3#保鲜液处理组在贮存过程中,细菌总数一直在105～106cfu·g-1范围内。三种处理在理化指标上差异不明显,TVB-N值保持较低的水平,红度a值保持较高的水平,18d后红度a值才有明显降低。     

低值鱼深度酶解过程中的生化变化及其原因

系统研究了低值鱼深度酶解过程中氨态氮、总氮、pH值、TVB-N、游离脂肪酸和细菌总数的变化规律。研究表明:酶解液中总氮从 0.33 增加到 1.02g/100mL;氨态氮从 0 增加到0.658g/100mL;pH值不断降低,从7下降到6.2;细菌总数在水解初期有大幅度降低,从 1.4×106 下降到200左右,并保持在此水平;挥发性氮从21.25增加到63mg/100mL,是鱼体自身脱氨酶的作用下脱氨的结果;游离脂肪酸从18.85增加到20.95mgKOH/g。     

仙人草对低温蒸煮牛肉火腿储藏性影响

本文以市售牛肉火腿和不添加仙人草低温蒸煮牛肉火腿为对照,系统研究仙人草牛肉火腿储藏过程中细菌总数、腐败优势菌乳酸菌数、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N值)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA值)、感官变化。结果表明:仙人草对牛肉火腿中细菌、乳酸菌、TVB-N值和TBA值有抑制效果。在4℃下,50天时市售牛肉火腿和不添加仙人草牛肉火腿出现轻微哈败味,57天时仙人草牛肉火腿仍未出现不良风味;不添加仙人草牛肉火腿和市售火腿储藏43天时TVB-N值分别为:21.0875和20.3973mg/100g,而仙人草牛肉火腿在57天才超过国标规定,为20.2225mg/100g,时间延长了14天。     

Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen and other Physico-chemical and Microbiological Characteristics as Related to Ripening of Salted Anchovies

In canned anchovies the moisture content after salting decreased from 75.5% to 54%.The loss was accompanied by an increase in salt and ash contents. Free fatty acid (FFA) contents increased gradually throughout ripening. The FFA content variability was too wide to consider it as an index to monitor ripening. Although peroxide and TBA values provide an indication of onset of lipid oxidation, alternative methods are recommended based on tertiary compounds of lipid oxidation. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) increased linearly in fish muscle and brine during ripening. TVB-N determination in the brine could be a feasible monitoring method for degree of ripening.