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排序方式: 共有171条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
PETROLEUM POTENTIAL, THERMAL MATURITY AND THE OIL WINDOW OF OIL SHALES AND COALS IN CENOZOIC RIFT BASINS, CENTRAL AND NORTHERN THAILAND 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Oil shales and coals occur in Cenozoic rift basins in central and northern Thailand. Thermally immature outcrops of these rocks may constitute analogues for source rocks which have generated oil in several of these rift basins. A total of 56 oil shale and coal samples were collected from eight different basins and analysed in detail in this study. The samples were analysed for their content of total organic carbon (TOC) and elemental composition. Source rock quality was determined by Rock‐Eval pyrolysis. Reflected light microscopy was used to analyse the organic matter (maceral) composition of the rocks, and the thermal maturity was determined by vitrinite reflectance (VR) measurements. In addition to the 56 samples, VR measurements were carried out in three wells from two oil‐producing basins and VR gradients were constructed. Rock‐Eval screening data from one of the wells is also presented. The oil shales were deposited in freshwater (to brackish) lakes with a high preservation potential (TOC contents up to 44.18 wt%). They contain abundant lamalginite and principally algal‐derived fluorescing amorphous organic matter followed by liptodetrinite and telalginite (Botryococcus‐type). Huminite may be present in subordinate amounts. The coals are completely dominated by huminite and were formed in freshwater mires. VR values from 0.38 to 0.47%Ro show that the exposed coals are thermally immature. VR values from the associated oil shales are suppressed by 0.11 to 0.28%Ro. The oil shales have H/C ratios >1.43, and Hydrogen Index (HI) values are generally >400 mg HC/g TOC and may reach 704 mg HC/ gTOC. In general, the coals have H/C ratios between about 0.80 and 0.90, and the HI values vary considerably from approximately 50 to 300 mg HC/gTOC. The HImax of the coals, which represent the true source rock potential, range from ~160 to 310 mg HC/g TOC indicating a potential for oil/gas and oil generation. The steep VR curves from the oil‐producing basins reflect high geothermal gradients of ~62°C/km and ~92°C/km. The depth to the top oil window for the oil shales at a VR of ~0.70%Ro is determined to be between ~1100 m and 1800 m depending on the geothermal gradient. The kerogen composition of the oil shales and the high geothermal gradients result in narrow oil windows, possibly spanning only ~300 to 400 m in the warmest basins. The effective oil window of the coals is estimated to start from ~0.82 to 0.98%Ro and burial depths of ~1300 to 1400 m (~92°C/km) and ~2100 to 2300 m (~62°C/km) are necessary for efficient oil expulsion to occur. 相似文献
2.
High crude oil prices and pollution problems have drawn attention to alternative vehicle technologies and fuels for the transportation sector. The question is: What are the benefits/costs of these technologies for society? To answer this question in a quantitative way, a web-based model (http://vehiclesandfuels.memebot.com) has been developed to calculate the societal life cycle costs, the consumer life cycle costs and the tax for different vehicle technologies. By comparing these costs it is possible to draw conclusions about the social benefit and the related tax structure. The model should help to guide decisions toward optimality, which refers to maximum social benefit. The model was applied to the case of Thailand. The life cycle cost of 13 different alternative vehicle technologies in Thailand have been calculated and the tax structure analyzed. 相似文献
3.
《Industry and innovation》2006,13(4):481-504
Universities are playing a major role in regional innovation by interacting directly with regional stakeholders. Up to now there is little evidence on responses of universities to regional needs in developing countries. This paper applies an adopted framework of nascent regional innovation systems in developing countries to a study of the potential impacts of five universities in three regions in Thailand. The empirical evidence suggests that more systematic approaches toward regional university-industry knowledge transfer are still limited by centralized national policies, a low sophistication of regional technological needs, and institutional barriers within the higher education system. University responses to regional needs differ markedly between the Bangkok region and two peripheral regional innovation systems. 相似文献
4.
Mukand Singh Babel Mohamed Mujithaba Mohamed Najim Rainer Loof 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2004,130(9):1032-1041
Very little work on the application of watershed modeling has been done in the tropical climatic conditions of Thailand to explore the nature of environmental problems arising from nonpoint source pollution due to agricultural activities, and to evaluate possible remedial measures and strategies. The present study attempts to verify the suitability of a nonpoint source pollution model, the Agricultural NonPoint Source model, for the Huai Nong Prong watershed in Southeastern Thailand. Extensive fieldwork was carried out to collect data and information needed for the model preparation and application. The study has revealed that simulated runoff volume, sediment, and nutrient yield from the watershed with mixed land use and relatively high slopes match favorably with observed data. For the ten rainfall events simulated, the coefficient of performance, a measure of model efficiency (equal to zero for a perfect match), was 0.09, 0.47, 0.09, and 0.03 for runoff volume, sediment yield, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, respectively. The model, however, could not accurately simulate peak flow rates, suggesting the need for changes in the modeling approach or governing equations and relationships to calculate peak discharges in a tropical environment. 相似文献
5.
泰国金融危机爆发后国际国内对其成因众说纷纭,而笔者研究认为,泰国金融深化过速是引发危机的主要因素,本文中对泰国金融深化的经济背景及金融深化过速的经济效应进行了分析,提出了发展中国家在推进金融深化过程中应注意的几个问题. 相似文献
6.
在泰南问题形成过程中,伊斯兰教发挥了重要作用。在穆斯林民族情绪酝酿阶段,宗教领袖在反政府斗争中充当了鼓动者、联络者和精神力量的提供者。而在二战前后穆斯林分离主义形成阶段,宗教领袖成为自治运动的领导者、马来穆斯林身份的维护者,并最终成为分离主义运动的主导者。 相似文献
7.
泰国高等教育的发展在其国家与历届政府的重视下经过多年的探究,呈现出了独具一格的办学特色,公立大学为主,私立大学蓬勃发展,开放大学势如破竹,以此不仅促进了泰国高等教育的发展,同时也带动了泰国高等教育国际化的大力发展,在师资国际化、学生国际化、课程国际化、管理国际化等方面都有所提高,研究泰国高等教育国际化发展基础的同时,掌握其国际化发展的内容,能够为我国高等教育国际化发展提供思路与路线。 相似文献
8.
9.
This study examines the recent quantitative characteristics of dry season water allocation in the Chao Phraya River basin, Thailand. Previous studies have focused on inequitable allocation, where the highest priority is given to the domestic water sector and uneven irrigation water variability exists among projects in the delta. This study uses a statistical test and panel data analysis to confirm that the characteristics highlighted in previous studies remain accurate, and it discusses the source of these characteristics in order to understand the issues in water allocation in the Chao Phraya River delta. 相似文献
10.
《Food Control》2014
Inland farming of marine shrimp species is a relatively recent development, in response to increasing demand for the products. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of potentially pathogenic Vibrio species in shrimps cultured at inland ponds with low salinity in Thailand. Of 16 shrimp samples (white-leg shrimps and black-tiger shrimps) from ponds with water temperatures from 29 to 32 °C, and salinities from 1 to 5 parts per trillion, 15 contained Vibrio cholerae (densities: 62–252,000 MPN/g). Vibrio parahaemolyticus was present in six samples (370–6,300,000 MPN/g), and Vibrio vulnificus was present in two samples (16–1300 MPN/g). V. parahaemolyticus has higher affinity for non-native white-leg shrimp than for native black-tiger shrimp. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were then measured for 12 common antimicrobial agents. Resistance to ampicillin and oxytetracycline (8% and 2% of the isolates) was documented in V. cholerae isolates, resistance to ampicillin and oxytetracycline (72% and 3%) was found in V. parahaemolyticus isolates, and resistance to nalidixic acid (20%) was detected in V. vulnificus isolates. β-lactamase and tetracycline resistance genes were detected in the resistant Vibrio isolates. The oxytetracycline-resistance phenotype was eliminated by plasmid curing, suggesting that the resistance was related to R-plasmids. Our results show that shrimps cultured even in low salinity ponds are potentially contaminated with pathogenic Vibrio species, and that shrimp are a vehicle for transfer of species with antimicrobial resistance genes to the public. 相似文献